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SSC CHSL Topic Wise Study Material – Practice Set 3

June 15, 2018 by Kalyan Leave a Comment

SSC CHSL Topic Wise Study Material – Practice Set 3

SSC CHSL Study Material SSC CHSL Previous Papers SSC CHSL Practice Workbook

Instructions
• In this question paper, there are 100 questions. Students are required to attempt all questions.
• Students will be awarded with 2 marks for each correct answer.
• There will be negative marking of 0.5 mark for each wrong answer.

Part I General Intelligence

Directions (Q.Nos. 1-3) Select the related words/ letters/numbers from the given alternatives.

1. JLNP : OMKI :: SUWY : ?
(a) FGHI
(b) MLKJ
(c) PLHD
(d) XVTR

2. 182 : ? :: 210 : 380
(a) 156
(b) 240
(c) 272
(d) 342

3. 42 : 56 :: 110 : ?
(a) 18
(b) 132
(c) 136
(d) 140

4. As Writer is related to Reader,similarly Producer is related to
(a) Seller
(b) Consumer
(c) Creator
(d) Contractor

Directions (Q.Nos. 5-8) Select the one which is different from the other three responses.

5.
(a) Fish : Shoal
(b) Cow: Herd
(c) Sheep: Flock
(d) Man: Mob

6.
(a) 35
(b) 49
(c) 50
(d) 63

7.
(a) 15 : 63
(b) 22 : 91
(c) 23 :95
(d) 31 : 97

8.
(a) HGF
(b) XWV
(c) NML
(d) OPQ

9. In the following question, find out the number series in which number of letters skipped in between adjacent letters in the series is odd.
(a) BDHLR
(b) EIMQV
(c) FIMRX
(d) MPRUX

10. Which one of the following sets of letters when sequentially placed at the gaps in the given letter series shall complete it?
y_x_ _zx_y_xy_zx
(a) zyyyzy
(b) xyzxyz
(c) zxyzyz
(d) zyyzyx

Directions (Q.Nos. 11-12) Choose the correct alternative from the given ones that will complete the series.

11. 24, 60, 120, 210, ?
(a) 300
(b) 336
(c) 420
(d) 525

12. AZY, BYX, CXW, DWV, ?
(a) EVA
(b) EVU
(c) VEU
(d) VUE

13. Pointing to a lady a man says that she is the only daughter of my son’s maternal grandmother how is lady related to man?
(a) Brother
(b) Sister
(c) Wife
(d) Mother

14. A class of boys stands in a single line. One boy is 19th in order from both the ends. How many boys are there in the class?
(a) 27
(b) 37
(c) 38
(d) 39

15. Select the word which cannot be formed from AUTONOMOUS.
(a) AUNTS
(b) TOON
(c) MASON
(d) SAME

16. If in a certain language, TEACHER is written as LMKJNMP. How will HEART be written?
(a) NMAPL
(b) NMPKL
(c) NPKML
(d) NMKPL

17. If ENGLAND is written as 1234526 and FRANCE is written as 785291. How will GREECE be written?
(a) 381171
(b) 381191
(c) 832252
(d) 835545

18. Insert the correct mathematical signs in the following equation
13 3 2 1 = 15
(a) x ÷ +
(b) ÷ – x
(c) + – +
(d) ÷ x –

Aikyashree Scholarship

19. Select the missing number from the given responses.

(a) 18
(b) 23
(c) 24
(d) 27

20. Kunal walks 10 km towards North. From there, he walks 6 km towards South. Then, he walks 3 km towards East. How far and in which direction is he with reference to his starting point?
(a) 5 km West
(b) 5 km North-East
(c) 7 km East
(d) 7 km West

Direction (Q.No. 21) Two statements are given followed by two Conclusions I and II. You have to consider the statements to be true if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. You have to decide which of the given conclusions, if any, follow from the given statements. Indicate your answer.

21. Statements All those political prisoners were released on bail who had gone to jail for reasons other than political dharnas. Bail was not granted to persons involved in murders.
Conclusions
I. No political prisoner had committed murder.
II. Some politicians were not arrested.
(a) Only I follows
(b) Only II follows
(c) Both I and II follow
(d) Neither I nor II follows

22. How many number of triangles in the following figure?

(a) 16
(b) 22
(c) 28
(d) 32

23. Select the answer figure in which question figure is hidden/embedded.

24. A piece of paper is folded and cut as shown below in the question figure. From the given answer figure, indicate how it will appear when opened.

25. Study the following matrix and then answer the question given below.

What will be the code of ‘CUN’?
(a) 1, 7, 9
(b) 2, 3, 5
(c) 7, 3, 6
(d) 5, 3, 6

Part II General Awareness

26. Yen is the currency of
(a) Japan
(b) Taiwan
(c) North Korea
(d) South Korea

27. The Bank rate is the rate of interest at which the Reserve Bank of India provides loans to the
(a) scheduled commercial Banks
(b) public sector
(c) corporate sector
(d) foreign institutional investors

28. From which one of the following places, remains of wells have been found in houses belonging to the developed stage of the Indus valley civilization?
(a) Harappa
(b) Kalibangan
(c) Lothal
(d) Mohenjodaro

29. Which of the following is not one of the Fundamental Rights?
(a) Right to freedom of religion
(b) Right to freedom of thought and expression
(c) Right to equality
(d) Right to equal pay for equal work for man as well as woman

30. Panchayati Raj System in India is laid down under
(a) Fundamental Rights
(b) Fundamental Duties
(c) Directive Principles of State Policy
(d) Election Commission Act

31. The power of the President to issue ordinance is relic of
(a) Government of India Act of 1909
(b) Government of India Act of 1991
(c) Government of India Act of 1935
(d) Indian Independence Act, 1947

32. In ancient India, the earliest capital of Magadha Kingdom was at
(a) Pataliputra
(b) Rajgir
(c) Vaishali
(d) Varansi

33 was one of the famous philosophers and scholars of the Pala period.
(a) Atish Dipankar
(b) Dibyok
(c) Ravikriti
(d) Aryabhatta

34. ‘Ramayan’ the Tamil version of the great epic Ramayana was made by
(a) Kamban
(b) Awaiyar
(c) Ilango adigal
(d) All of the above

35. Which of the following is true about sedimentary Rock?
(a) They are rocks whose structure is contingent on heat and pressure
(b) The rocks are Crystalline
(c) The rocks have been deposited in layers
(d) The rocks cannot be formed under water

36.Which of the following pair is not correctly matched?
(a) Himalayas —tertiary fold mountain
(b) Deccan Trap—volcanic cone eruption
(c) Western Ghat —Palaeozoic fold mountains
(d) Aravalli-pre-combrian rlict mountain

37. Water falls and rapids are commonly found in
(a) upper course of a river
(b) middle course of river
(c) lower course of a river
(d) area near the mouth of a river

38. It is possible to produce seedless tomato fruits by
(a) applying trace elements in tomato fruits
(b) spraying mineral solution on plants
(c) spraying harmones on flowers
(d) Applying fertilizers containing

39. Which one of the following is a fungus?
(a) Agaricus
(b) Funaria
(c) Rhizobium
(d) Spirogyra

40. The temperature of a Gas is measured with a
(a) platinum resistance thermometer
(b) pyrometer
(c) gas thermometer
(d) vapour pressure thermometer

41. The wavelength of visible light are between
(a) 3000 pm to 0.4 pm
(b) 0.4 pm to 0.7 pm
(c) 0.7 pm to 1000 pm
(d) 0.1 cm to 30 cm

42. Output deyices make it possible to
(a) view and print a data
(b) scan a data
(c) input a data
(d) sending a data

43. Non-ideal gases approach ideal behaviour
(a) high temperature and high pressure
(b) high temperature and low pressure
(c) low temperature and high pressure
(d) low temperature and low pressure

44. The sequence of energy flow through a food chain is
(a) primary consumers— producers—higher order consumers
(b) producers —higher order consumers—primary consumers
(c) higher order consumers— primary consumers—producers
(d) producers—primary : consumers—higher order consumers

45. In the past decade, which of the following has not been a major cause of the increase in the world’s population?
(a) Longer life span
(b) Lower infant mortality
(c) Increase in birth rate
(d) Improved sanitation

46. Rangaswami cup is associated with
(a) wrestling
(b) football
(c) hockey
(d) golf

47. When is World Teacher Day observed?
(a) October 5
(b) December 30
(c) October 27
(d) October 10

48. Which of the following forms the largest delta?
(a) Ganga
(b) Godavari
(c) Cauvery
(d) Krishna

49. The author of the book ‘India wins freedom’ is
(a) Kuldeep Nawar
(b) Maulana Abdul Kalam Azacf
(c) Jawahar Lai Nehru
(d) Indira Gandhi

50. The latest addition to the list of UNESCO’S world heritage sites in India is
(a) Qutab Minar
(b) HumayunTomb
(c) Khujuraho Temple
(d) Red Fort

Part III Quantitative Aptitude

51. Find the largest common divisor of 102 and 1170.
(a) 10
(b) 7
(c) 6
(d)8

52. The ratio of the radius and height of a cone is 5 : 12. Its volume is 314 2/7 cm. Its slant height is
(a) 13 cm
(b)14cm
(c) 17 cm
(d) 26 cm

53. The length of canvas 12 m wide required to builed a conical tent of height 14 m and the floor area 346.5 m², is
(a) 665 m
(b) 770 m
(c) 490 m
(d) 860 m

54. The sum of the radius of base and the height of a cylinder is 37 m. If the total surface Area of the cylinder is 1628 m², then its volume is
(a) 5240 m³
(b) 4620 m³
(c) 3180 m³
(d) None of these

55. A pipe of 2 inch diameter fills the water tank in 1 h. If the diameter of the pipe is 4 inch, in what time will the pipe fill the same tank?
(a) 30 min
(b) 45 min
(c) 15 min
(d) 10 min

56. 0.88 cm³ of iron is melted and moulded in the form of iron rods, each of diameter 2 cm and length 7 m. How many rods are formed?
(a) 400
(b) 392
(c) 616
(d) 2000

57.

(a) 2
(b) 5
(c) 4
(d) 3

58. The discount series 10%, 20%, 40% is equivalent to a single discount of
(a) 50%
(b) 56.8%
(c) 60%
(d) 62.28%

59. On selling an article at Rs 1060, the gain is 20% more than the loss incurred on selling it at Rs 950.In order to gain 20%, the selling price will be
(a) Rs 980
(b) Rs 1080
(c) Rs 1800
(d) None of these

60. If a : (b + c) = 1:3 and c : (a+ b) = 5:7, then b:(a + c) is equal to
(a) 1:2
(b) 2:3
(c) 1:3
(d) 2 : 1

61. Average age of A, B and C is 36 yr. If average age of B and C is 30 yr and age of B is 22 yr, then what is the sum of the ages of A and C?
(a) 68 yr
(b) 86 yr
(c) 58 yr
(d) 61 yr

62. The price of an article has been reduced by 25%. In order to restore it to the original price, the new price must be increased by
(a) 33 1/3%
(b) 11 1/9%
(c) 9 1/11%
(d) 66 2/3%

63.

(a) 3
(b) 6
(c) 9
(d) 8.2

64. The speed of a motor boat is that of the current of water as 36 : 5. The boat goes along with the current in 5 h 10 min. It will come back in
(a) 5 h 50 min
(b) 6 h
(c) 6 h 50 min
(d) 12 h 10 min

65. The difference between compound interest and simple interest at the same rate on Rs 5000 for 2 yr is Rs 72. The rate of interest per annum is
(a) 6%
(b) 8%
(c) 10%
(d) 12%

66. If a + b + c -11 and ab +bc + cd = 20, then (a³ + b³ + c³ -3abc) is equal to
(a) 121
(b) 341
(c) 671
(d) 781

67.

(a) 4
(b) 5
(c) 6
(d) 8

68.

(a)1/5
(b)1/10
(c)1/14
(d)1/28

69.If a^x=b^y=c^z and b²=ac then y is equal to
(a)xz/x+z
(b)xz/2(x-z)
(c)xz/2(z-x)
(d)2xz/(x+z)

70. In an equilateral ΔABC of side 10 cm, the side BC is trisected at D. Then, the length (in cm) of AD is
(a) 3√7
(b) 7√3
(c) 10√7/3
(d) 7√10/3

71. If O is the centre of the circle, then x is

(a)72°
(b)62°
(c)82°
(d)52°

Directions (Q.Nos. 72-73) Observe the pie chart and answer the question based on this graph.

72. The angle for the sector on paper cost is
(a) 22 1/2°
(b) 16°
(c) 54.8°
(d) 36°

73. If the printing cost is Rs 17500, the royalty cost is
(a) Rs 8750
(b) Rs 7500
(c) Rs 3150
(d) Rs 6300

74.

(a) cos A-tan A
(b) cos A-cot A
(c) sec A – cot A
(d) sec A – tan A

75.

(a)2
(b)2/sinθ
(c)4/sinθ.cosθ
(d)none of these

Part IV English Language

Directions (Q.Nos. 76-78) Read each sentence to find out whether there is any grammatical error in it. The error, if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The number of that part is the answer. If there is no error, the answer is (d) i.e., ‘No error’ (Ignore errors of punctuation, if any)

76. Handsome is usually used (a)/ of men but beautiful is not (b)/ usually used to talk about’ man’s appearance, (c)/ No error (d)

77. Payal kept her drum (a)/ besides her (b)/ always and she played wisely, (c)/ No error (d)

78. Either you (a)/ or your friend (b) / has stolen my wrist watch, (c)/ No error (d)

Directions (Q.Nos. 79-80) Pick out the most effective word from the given words to fill in the blank to make the sentence meaningfully complete.

79. Being himself a lawyer by___and jurist by temperament Ambedkar emphasized the role of law in society.
(a) profession
(b) birth
(c) education
(d) companionship

80. We have to plant more trees___we can save our environment from the evils of pollution. .
(a) so as
(b) since as
(c) such that
(d) so that

Directions (Q.No. 81) In each question below, four words (a), (b), (c) and (d) are given. Find out the word, the spelling of which is wrong. The number of that word is the answer.

81.
(a) Launch
(b) Kitchen
(c) Remember
(d) Agressive

Directions (Q. Nos. 82-83) In these questions, choose the word similar in meaning to the given word.

82. Imaginary
(a) Fabulous
(b) Fictitious
(c) Factitious
(d) Fallacious

83. Tranquil
(a) Tremendous
(b) Dynamic
(c) Treacherous
(d) Peaceful

Directions (Q. Nos. 84-86) In these questions, the first and the last sentences of the paragraph are numbered as S1 and S6. The rest of the paragraph is split into four parts and named P, Q, R and S. These four parts are not given in their proper order. Read the sentences and find out, which of the four combinations is correct.

84.S1 Martha taught English Literature.
P. She would involve them in roleplays.
Q. Her students were young learners.
R. This way the students found it easier to identify with the characters.
S. They fell into the age group of 14-16 years.
S6. They looked forward to attending her classes.
The proper sequence should be
(a)QSPR
(b)QPSR
(c)RSPQ
(d)SQRP

85.S1 Mary and Jo were amateur
P. He called them for auditions the following week.
Q. So they approached a leading music company.
R. They wanted to try their luck at playback singing.
S.But the manager said that they would have to qualify an audition test.
S6. Fortunately they qualified the test.
The proper sequence should be
(a) RSPQ
(b) QPRS
(c) PRSQ
(d) RQSP

86. S1. Rubik’s Cube was most popular puzzle in 1980s.
P. His name was Emo Rubik.
Q. In 1977 he produced the plastic version.
R. It was invented by an architect.
S. The first cube was made of wood.
S6. It won a prize at the Budapest International Fair.
The proper sequence should be
(a)QRPS
(b)RSPQ
(c) RPSQ
(d) PRSQ

Directions (Q. Nos. 87-88) in these questions, four alternatives are suggested for the idiom/phrase given in bold in the sentence. Choose the alternative which best expresses the meaning of the idiom/phrase.

87. He died in harness.
(a) ceased to live
(b) died of a disease
(c) died for his country
(d) died while working

88. All his schemes ended in smoke.
(a) came to nothing
(b) got on fire
(c) burnt up
(d) attracted everybody

Directions (Q.Nos. 89-93) In the following passage, some of the words have been left out. First read the passage over and try to understand what it is about. Then, fill in the blanks with the help of the alternatives given.

Passage
The solar system has been a complicated wonder for the astronomers. This is a (89) to which we may never have the exact answer. Man has wondered (90) the age of the Earth since ancient times. There were all kinds of (91) that seemed to have the answer But man could not begin to think about the question scientifically until about 400 years (92) When it was proved that the Earth revolved round the Sun and the Earth was a (93) of our Solar System, then scientists knew where to begin.

89.
(a) problem
(b) question
(c) matter
(d) query

90.
(a) around
(b) out
(c) about
(d) on

91.
(a) ideas
(b) opinions
(c) stories
(d) matter

92.
(a) now
(b) time
(c) then
(d) ago

93.
(a) part
(b) division
(c) opening
(d) centre

Directions (Q. Nos. 94-98) Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each question out of the four alternatives.

Passage
The common people have a way of laughing at their own misfortunes. They can also laugh at their oppressors. Satire became a habit with them while they groaned under the oppression of kings, priests and plutocrats.In contemporary India, the politician and the bureaucrat are the ones they take their revenge upon. There is much humour in Indian proverbs. Even the Gods. are not spared. There is a special form of worship called minda stuti, praise by dispraise. Real humour in India, as elsewhere, is contained within the different languages and it is difficult for Indians of one region to understand the humour of another. India is also by tradition a class-ridden and hierarchical society. Excessive reverence is shown to elders and to those in authority/though this may be changing. Sons and daughters don’t usually joke with their p^pents and vice versa; a boss can’t afford to be seen in a mood of levity with his employees; the landlord wouldn’t dream of sharing a joke with his peasant labourers. The path to wit and humour is strewn with pitfalls. With Indian intellectuals, solemnity is a motto. Many of them wouldn’t be seen dead with a joke. And the higher they go in the cerebral scale, the drier they become.

94. Who becomes drier in the matter of wit?
(a) The greater intellectual
(b) The lesser intellectual
(c) The commoner
(d) An employee

95. Who laughs at their own misfortunes?
(a) Intellectuals
(b) Commoners
(c) Politicians
(d) Kings

96. ‘Cerebral scale’ means
(a) a device to measure height
(b) a device to measure intelligence
(c) intellectual ability
(d) head massager

97. Whom do the commoners laugh at?
(a) Misfortunes
(b) Oppressors
(c) Intellectuals
(d) Writers

98. Who does not oppress the commoner?
(a) Authors
(b)Plutocrats
(c) Bureaucrats
(d) Politicians

Directions (Q.Nos. 99 and 100) Choose the correct option to improve the bold part.

99. The workers looked run down.
(a) happy
(b) relaxed
(c) exhausted
(d) No improvement

100. The relatives comforted the old man whose wife had died.
(a) sympathised with
(b) pitied
(c) consoled
(d) No improvement

Answers

Hints & Solutions

SSC CHSL Topic Wise Study Material – Practice Set 2

June 15, 2018 by Kalyan Leave a Comment

SSC CHSL Topic Wise Study Material – Practice Set 2

SSC CHSL Study Material SSC CHSL Previous Papers SSC CHSL Practice Workbook

Part I General Intelligence

Directions (Q.Nos. 1-5) In each of the following questions, select the related letters/words/numbers from the given alternatives.

1. Writer : Pen :: ?
(a) Needle: Tailor
(b) Artist: Brush
(c) Painter: Canvas
(d) Teacher: Class

2. Numerical: Mathematics English
(a) Synonyms
(b) Comprehension
(c) Letters
(d) Alphabets

3. NUMERAL : UEALRMN :: ALGEBRA.:?
(a) LRBAGEA
(b) BARLAGE
(c) LERAGBA
(d) LERABGA

4. PNLJ : IGEC :: VTRP : ?
(a)OMKI
(b)RSTU
(c) QSRC
(d) RPOM

5. 17 : 60 :: 20 : ?
(a) 57
(b) 69
(c) 81
(d) 93

Directions (Q.Nos. 6-9) Select the one which is different from the other three responses.

6.
(a) Flute
(b) Violin
(c) Guitar
(d) Sitar

7.
(a) CAFD
(b) TSWV
(c) IGLJ
(d) OMRP

8.
(a) 156
(b) 201
(c) 273
(d) 345

9.
(a) 16-25
(b) 64 – 81
(c) 36 – 49
(d) 100-110

10. Arrange the following words according to English Dictionary.
1. Epitaxy 2. Episode
3. Epigene 4. Epitome
5. Epilogue
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
(b) 3, 2, 5, 4,1
(c) 3, 5, 2, 1, 4
(d) 5, 4, 2, 1, 3

11. Which one of the given responses would be a meaningful order of the .following words in ascending order?
1. Plastering 2. Painting
3. Foundation 4. Walls
(a) 3, 4,1, 2
(b) 1, 2, 3,4
(c)4, 3, 2,1
(d) 3, 4, 2,1

12. Which one set of letters, when sequentially placed at the gaps in the given letter series shall complete it?
mnonopqopqrs _ _ _ _ _
(a) mnopq
(b) oqrst
(c) pqrst
(d) qrstu

Directions (Q.Nos. 13 and 14) Choose the correct alternative from the given ones that will complete the series.

13. A, CD, GHI, ?, UVWXY
(a) LMNO
(b)MNO
(c) MNOP
(d)NOPQ

14. 15, 19, 83, 119, 631,?
(a) 731
(b) 693
(c) 712
(d) 683

15. In a row of boys, if A who is tenth from the left and B who is ninth from the right interchange their positions. Now, A becomes fifteenth from the left. How many boys are there in the row?
(a) 23
(b) 27
(c) 28
(d) 31

16. A group of alphabets are given with each being assigned a number. These have to be unscrambled into a meaningful word and correct order of letters may be indicated from the given responses.
N R O C T A
1 2 3 4 5 6
(a) 1, 6, 2, 4, 3, 5
(b) 2, 3, 5, 4, 6,1
(c) 4, 6, 2, 5, 3, 1
(d) 6, 5, 2, 3, 1, 4

17. If DICTIONARY is written as 1234256789, then ORDINARY is written as
(a) 59126789
(b) 58126789
(c) 57326789
(d) 56126789

18. Some equations are solved on the basis of a certain system. On the same basis, find out the correct answer from amongst the four alternatives for the unsolved equation.
72×96 = 6927, 58×87= 7885, 79×86=?
(a) 7689
(b) 8976
(c) 6897
(d) 6978

19. Which of the following -interchanges of signs and numbers would make the
given equation correct 3 + 5 – 2 = 4
(a) + and -, 2 and 3
(b) + and -, 2 and 5
(c) + and -, 3 and 5
(d) All of the above

20. Shivam is facing towards West and turns through 45° clockwise, again 180° clockwise and then, turns through 270° anti-clockwise. In which direction is he facing now?
(a) West
(b) North-West
(c) South
(d) South-West

21. All surfaces of a cube are coloured. If a number of smaller cubes are taken out from it, each side 1/4 the size of the original cube’s side, indicate the number of cubes with only one side painted.
(a) 60
(b) 32
(c) 24
(d) 16

22. Which answer figure will complete the pattern of given question figure?

23. Which of the following diagram best depicts the relationship among English, Latin and Greek?

24. In the following question, a word is represented by only one set of numbers as given in any one of the alternatives. The sets of numbers given in the alternatives are represented by two classes of alphabets as in the two given matrices.
The column and rows of Matrix I are numbered from 0 to 4 and those of Matrix II from 5 to 9. A letter from these matrices can be represented first by its row and then the column number. Similarly, you have to identify the correct set for the word given in each question.

Identify the set for the word ‘STOP’
(a) 10, 56, 44, 97
(b) 41, 68, 01, 77
(c) 22, 75, 32, 86
(d) 33, 99, 42, 59

25. A statement is given followed by two Conclusions I and II. You have to consider the statement to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. You are to decide which of the given conclusions, if any, follow from the given statements. Indicate your answer.
Statement Morning walks are good for health.
Conclusions
I. All healthy people go for morning walks.
II. Evening walks are harmful.
(a) Only I follows
(b) Only II follows
(c) Either I or II follows
(d) Neither I nor II follows

Part II General Awareness

26. Economic liberalisation in India started with
(a) substantial changes in Industrial licensing policy
(b) the convertibility of Indian Rupee
(c) doing away with procedural formalities for foreign direct investment
(d) significant reduction in tax rates

27. Mixed Economy means
(a) where agriculture and industry are given equal importance
(b) where public sector exists along with the private sector in national economy
(c) where globalization is transferred with heavy dose of swadeshi in National Economy
(d) where the centre and the states are equal partners in economic planning and development

28. The Constitution of India was adopted on
(a) 26th January, 1950
(b) 26th January, 1949
(c) 26th November, 1949
(d) 15th August, 1947

29. Which of the following was the biggest source for the Constitution of India?
(a) The Government of India Act, 1919
(b) The Government of India Act, 1935
(c) The Indian Independence Act, 1947
(d) None of the above

30. How many states and union territories are there in India?
(a) 25 states and 7 union territories
(b) 29 states and 7 union territories (including national capital territory II)
(c) 24 states and 6 union territory
(d) None of the Above

31. All the following statements regarding the Indus Valley civilization are correct except
(a) The Indus Valley Civilization was an advanced urban civilization
(b) Iron was not known to the people
(c) It is difficult to say which race the people belonged
(d) The people know nothing about agriculture

32. The Government of India has decided to declare which of the following rivers as-‘National river’?
(a) Ganga
(b) Yamuna
(c) Kaveri
(d) Brahmaputra

33. The principle that disguises Jainism from Buddhism is the
(a) practice of the eight-fold path
(b) rejection of the infallibility of the Vedas
(c) attribution of a soul to all beings and things
(d) belief in rebirth

34. Which one of the following fairs is not correctly matched?
(a) Kautilya — Arthashastra
(b) Hala — Gathasaptasati
(c) Banbhatta — Buddhacharita
(d) Kalidasa — Abhijnanasakuntalam

35. Consider the following statements
1. The Earth receives the Sun’s energy at the infrared end of the spectrum.
2. The Earth re-radiates the Sun’s heat as ultraviolet energy.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

36. Tectonic activity
(a) breaks and bends the crustal rocks
(b) forms and bends the crystal rocks
(c) reshapes by bending the crustal
(d) None of the above

37. Who is known as father of Biology?
(a) Aristotle
(b) Darwin
(c) Larnark
(d) Lamark and Treviranus

38. Study of fruit is called
(a) Spermology
(b) Anthology
(c) Pedology
(d) Pomology

39. Genetic Material of a virus is
(a) DNA
(b) RNA
(c) Either DNA or RNA
(d) Both DNA and RNA

40. Pick out the only Vector quantity
(a) pressure
(b) impulse
(c) gravitational
(d) coefficient of friction potential

41. The energy that can harness heat stored below the Earth’s surface is known as
(a) thermal energy
(b) nuclear energy
(c) tidal energy
(d) geo-thermal energy

42. The computer’s processor consists of the following parts
(a) CPU and Main Memory
(b) Hard Disk and Floppy Drive
(c) Main Memory and Storage
(d) Operating System and

43. Soft copy is an intangible output, so then what is a hard copy?
(a) The physical parts of the computer
(b) The printed parts of the computer
(c) The printed output
(d) The physical output device

44. Which of the following is considered a hot-spot of biodiversity in India?
(a) Aravali hills
(b) Western Ghats
(c) Indo-gangetic plain
(d) Eastern Ghats

45. First National park developed in India is
(a) Gir
(b) Kaziranga
(c) Jim Corbett
(d) None of the above

46. Which of the following is correctly matched?
(a) Dr. Malcolm Adiseshiah : Cooperative Movement
(b) Dr. Pramod Kumar Sethi : Jaipur Foot
(c) Dr. Kurien : Space Science
(d) Dr. Abdul Kalam : Development-Economics

47.The First-Earth Sumti was held at
(a) Buenos Aires
(b) Rio-de-Janeiro
(c) Dar-es-salam
(d) None of the above

48. Consider the following statements
1. Brazil
2. Mexico
3. South Africa
According to UNCTAD, which of the above is/are categorized as ‘Emerging Economics’?
(a) Only 1
(b) 1 and 3
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 1,2 and 3

49. Who is the author of the book ‘Naked Triangle’?
(a) RK Narayan
(b) Khushwant Singh
(c) Balwant Gargi
(d) Amrita Pritam

50. With which game does Davis cup is associated?
(a) Hockey
(b) Table Tennis
(c) Lawn Tennis
(d) Polo

Part III Quantitative Aptitude

51. The sum of both digits of a two digit number is 7. If the digits of the number are interchanged, the number so formed is greater than the original number by 27. Find the original number.
(a) 25
(b) 26
(c) 27
(d) 28

52. Which is the greatest out of the following numbers?
(a) (2 + 2 + 2)²
(b)[(2+2)²]²
(c)(2x2x2²
(d)4³

53. What is the least number which is a multiple of 17 and when divided by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 leaves 1 as remainder in each case?
(a) 121
(b) 1921
(c) 361
(d) 1020

54. A train travelling at 100 km/h overtakes a motorbike travelling at 64 km/h in 40 s. What is the length of the train in metres?
(a) 1777 m
(b) 1822 m
(c) 400 m
(d) 1400 m

55. Four horses are tethered at 4 comers of a square field of side 70 m so that they just cannot reach one another. The area left ungrazed by the horses is
(a) 1050 sq m
(b) 3850 sq m
(c) 950 sq m
(d) 1075 sq m

56. Two isosceles triangles have equal vertical angles and their corres ponding sides are in the ratio 3:5. What is the ratio of their areas?
(a) 3 : 5
(b) 9 : 25
(c) 6 : 10
(d) 5 : 9

57. A vertical pole is 75 m high. Find the angle subtended by the pole a point 75 m away from its base
(a) 30°
(b) 45°
(c) 60°
(d) 90°

58. 9 children can complete a piece of work in 360 days, 18 men can complete the same piece of work in 72 days and 12 women can complete it in 162 days. In how many days, can 4 men, 12 women and 10 children together complete the piece of work?
(a) 71
(b) 81
(c) 61
(d) 85

59. The interest on a certain sum of money is Rs 67.20 and the discount on the same sum of money for the same time and at the same rate is Rs 60. What is the sum?
(a) Rs 560
(b) Rs 500
(c) Rs 460
(d) Rs 400

60. By selling an article for Rs 144 a man loses 1/7 of his outlay. By selling it for Rs 168, his gain or loss per cent is
(a) 20% Loss
(b) 20% gain
(c) 4 1/6% Gain
(d) None of these 6

61. A man’s age was 5 times his son’s age 5 yr ago and he will be three times his son’s age after 2 yr. The ratio of their present ages is
(a) 5 : 2
(b) 5 : 3
(c) 10:3
(d) 11 : 5

62. The factors of x⁸ + x⁴ +1 are
(a) (x⁴ +1 – x²) (x² +1 + x) (x² +1 – x)
(b) (x⁴ + 1 – x²) (x² -1 + x) (x² +1 + x)
(c) (x⁴ -1 + x²) (x² -1 + x) (x² +1 + x)
(d) (x⁴ -1 + x²) (x² + 1 – x) (x² +1 + x)

63. Of the three numbers, second is twice the first and is also thrice the third. If the average of three numbers is 44, the largest number is
(a) 24
(b) 36
(c) 72
(d) 108

64. Lavkush’s salary is 30% more than Sanju’s salary. If Sanju’s salary is Rs 600, then what is Lavkush’s salary?
(a) Rs 780
(b) Rs 670
(c) Rs 860
(d) Rs 920

65. Two vessels A and B contain milk and water in the ratio 7 : 5 and 17:7, respectively. In what ratio mixtures from two vessels should be mixed to get a new mixture containing milk and water in the ratio 5:3?
(a) 1 : 2
(b) 2 : 1
(c) 2 : 3
(d) 3 : 2

66. If x² +1/x²= 7, then the values of x+1/x is
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 5
(d) 6

67. If x + 2 and x-1 are the factors of x³ + 10x² + mx + n, then the values of m and n are respectively
(a) 5 and -3
(b) 17 and -8
(c) 7 and -18
(d) 23 and -19

68.If (x -2), is a factor of x² + 4x -2k, then the value of k is
(a) 1
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 6

69. Out of a total population of 5000 people in a village, men increased by 10% and women by 15%. Now, the total population becomes 5600 in a year. The women population in the village was originally
(a) 4000
(b) 3500
(c) 2000
(d) 3000

70. In the given figure, AOB is a straight line, ∠AOC = (3x + 20)° and ∠BOC = (4x -36)°. The value of x is

(a)32
(b)28
(c)26
(d)24

Directions (Q. Nos. 71-72) Study the following pie chart carefully to answer the questions that follow.
Budget Estimated by a Family for Their Monthly Expenses

71. What is the budget estimated by the family on clothing and grocery together?
(a) Rs 8850
(b) Rs 8690
(c) Rs 8780
(d) Rs 8960

72. The family actually paid Rs 4672 on grocery. What is the difference in the amount budgeted and spent on grocery?
(a) Rs 1738
(b) Rs 1672
(c) Rs 1728
(d) Rs 1038

73. cos 60° + sin 60° /cos 60° – sin 60° is equal to
(a) -(√3 + 2)
(b) -1
(c)(√3-2)
(d)(√3 + 2)

74. [sin² 30° cos² 45° + 4 tan² 30° + 1/2 sin² 90°-2 cos² 90° ]
(a)15/8
(b)23/12
(c)47/24
(d)49/24

75. it is given that 2³² +1 is exactly divisible by a certain number. Which one of the following is also divisible by the same number?
(a) 2⁹⁶ +1
(b) 2¹⁶ -1
(c) 2¹⁶ + 1
(d) 7.2³³

Part IV English Language

Directions (Q.Nos. 76-78) Read each sentence to find out whether there is any grammatical error in it. The error, if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The number of that part is the answer. If there is no error, the answer is (d), i.e., ‘No error’. (Ignore the errors of punctuation, if any)

76. I am grateful to you and all your friends (a) / for they showed sympathy (b) / and kindness towards me, (c) /No error (d)

77. While he was walking along the road (a) / a speeding car (b) / knocked down to him. (c) /No error (d)

78. Though none of his (a) / so-called well-wishers forwarded to help (b) /1 helped him by completing his work on time, (c) /No error (d)

Directions (Q.Nos. 79 and 80) In each sentence below a word is printed in bold. Below each sentence, four words/ group of words are suggested, one of which can replace the bold word, without changing the meaning of the sentence. Find out the appropriate word/ group of words in each case.

79. His inflexible attitude is the root cause of most of his problems.
(a) negative
(b) nasty
(c) hesitant
(d) rigid

80. If you familiarize yourself with the culture of that area, you will be able to enjoy life there.
(a) submit
(b) acquaint
(c) associate
(d) look after

Directions (Q.Nos. 81 and 82) In each question below three words are given numbered as (a), (b) and (c). One of these three words may be wrongly spelt. Find out the word which is wrongly spelt, if there is any. The number of that word is your answer. If all the words are correctly spelt, mark (d) i.e., ‘All correct’ as your answer.

81.
(a) Adventure
(b) Demonstration
(c) Innosent
(d) All correct

82.
(a) Immitation
(b) Dependable
(c) Miniature
(d) All correct

Directions (Q. Nos. 83-87) You have a passage with five questions. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each question out of the four alternatives.

Passage
I used to have my meals at a vegetarian restaurant. Here I met Mr Albert West. We used to meet in this restaurant every evening and go out walking after dinner. Mr West was a partner in a small printing concern. He read my letter in the press about the outbreak of the plague and not finding me in the restaurant, felt uneasy. My co-workers and I had reduced our diet since the outbreak, as I had long made it a rule to go on a light diet during epidemics. In these days, I had therefore given up my evening dinner. Lunch also I would finish before the other guests arrived.
I knew the proprietor of the restaurant very well and I had informed him that, as I was engaged in nursing the plague patients, I wanted to avoid the contact of friends as much as possible. Not finding me in the restaurant for a day or two, Mr West knocked at my door early one morning just as I was getting readv to go out for a walk. As I opened the door Mr West said : ‘I did not find you in the restaurant and was really afraid lest something should have happened to you’.

83. What did the speaker and Mr Albert West do every evening?
(a) Went walking and met at the restaurant for eating
(b) After eating, met at the restaurant to go for walking
(c) Met in the restaurant and went out walking after dinner
(d) Had dinner and walked in the restaurant

84. Why did the speaker not come to the restaurant?
(a) He wanted to contact all his friends
(b) He had decided to diet in order to lose weight
(c) He did not want to meet Mr Albert and was avoiding him
(d) He was taking care of plague patients

85. Mr Albert West was
(a) considering to become a partner of the printing press
(b) a partner in a small printing press
(c) a partner in a large printing press
(d) concerned about printing

86. Why did Mr Albert West knock at the speaker’s house?
(a) To go out walking with the speaker
(b) To make him a partner in the printing press
(c) To avoid contact with friends
(d) Because he was worried that something had happened to the speaker

87. Why was Mr West uneasy?
(a) Because he could not find the speaker in the restaurant
(b) He was concerned about the printing press
(c) He had eaten something in the restaurant
(d) He was avoiding his friends

Directions (Q. Nos. 88 and 89) In these questions four alternatives are suggested for the given idiom/phrase. Choose the alternative, which best expresses the meaning of the idiom/phrase.

88. A hard nut to crack
(a) a foolish search
(b) a difficult problem
(c) an easy question
(d) expensive thing

89. Hand and glove
(a) very difficult
(b) open enemy
(c) very intimate
(d) very rude

Directions (Q. Nos. 90 and 91) In these questions choose the word similar in meaning to the given word.

90. Perilous
(a) Hazardous
(b) Rigorous
(c) Resilient
(d) Requisite

91. Reverie
(a) Determination
(b) Day dream
(c) Reality
(d) Realisation

Directions (Q. Nos. 92 and 93) In the following questions, sentences are given with blanks to be filled in with an appropriate word(s). Four alternatives are suggested for each question. Choose the correct alternative out of the four alternatives.

92. The sparrows took no____bread.
(a) notice of
(b) notice about
(c) notice from
(d) notice to

93. He shows great ability___Mathematics.
(a) at
(b) of
(c) about
(d) in

Directions (Q.Nos. 94 and 95) Choose the alternative which is opposite in meaning to the given word.

94. Retain
(a) Remember
(b) Release
(c) Unfurl
(d) Engage

95. Enmity
(a) Rivalry
(b) Amicability
(c) Animosity
(d) Proximity

Directions (Q.Nos. 96-100) In the following passage, some of the words have been left out. First read the passage over and try to understand what it is about. Then, fill in the blanks with the help of the alternatives given.

Passage
Happy is the man who (96) the habit of reading when he is young. He has secured a life-long source of (97) instruction and inspiration. So long as he has his beloved books he need (98) feel lonely. He always has a pleasant occupation of leisure moments. He is the parrersor of wealth more precious than gold. (99) indeed is the man who does not read and empty is his life, reading gives the highest kind of pleasure. When we are (100) it is a healthy recreation to lose oursewes in the company of books.

96.
(a) owns
(b) buys
(c) acquires
(d) takes

97.
(a) pleasure
(b) satisfaction
(c) sadness
(d) dejection

98.
(a) always
(b) ever
(c) sometimes
(d) never

99.
(a) Rich
(b) Lucky
(c) Poor
(d) Bad

100.
(a) weak
(b)fresh
(c) rick
(d) tired

Answers

Hints & Solutions

SSC CHSL Topic Wise Study Material – Practice Set 1

June 15, 2018 by Kalyan Leave a Comment

SSC CHSL Topic Wise Study Material – Practice Set 1

SSC CHSL Study Material SSC CHSL Previous Papers SSC CHSL Practice Workbook

Part I General Intelligence

Directions (Q.Nos. 1-4) Select the related words/ letters/numbers from the given alternatives.

1. Needle : Clock :: Wheel: ?
(a) Walk
(b) Road
(c) Vehicle
(d) Driving

2. ACE : HIL :: MOQ : ?
(a) TUX
(b)TVX
(c) XVT
(d) SUW

3. 7 : 56 :: 9 : ?
(a) 63
(b) 81
(c) 90
(d) 99

4.T/J:2::X/H:?
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 23/7
(d) 4

5. If Sapling is to Tree, then…..?…..is to Flower?
(a) Branch
(b) flower
(c) Bud
(d) Fruits

Directions (Q.Nos. 6-8) Select the one which is different from the other three responses.

6.
(a) Bengaluru
(b) Nagpur
(c) Bhopal
(d) Ranchi

7.
(a) 1975-1579
(b) 3152-5321
(c) 4283-8432
(d) 7319-9731

8.
(a) PEAR
(b) TORE
(c) REAP
(d) FEAR

9. Arrange the following words according to English Dictionary.
1. Wound 2. Writer
3. Whiter 4. Worst
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4
(b) 4, 3, 1, 2
(c) 3, 4, 1, 2
(d) 3, 2, 1, 4

10. If the order of the English alphabet is reversed, then which letter would be exactly in the middle?
(a) L
(b) M
(c) N
(d) None of these

11. Which one set of letters when sequentially placed at the gaps in the given letter series shall complete it?
W_UWW_ _W_XUW_X_W
(a) XUWUWX
(b) XWUUXW
(c) XXUWWU
(d) XXWWUU

12. If FIREWOOD is written as ERIFDOOW, then the code for the word FRACTION is written as
(a) ARFITCNO
(b) NOITCARF
(c) CARFNOIT
(d) CRAFNOIT

Directions (Q.Nos. 13-and 14) Choose the correct alternative from the given ones that will complete the series.

13. 4, 12, 36, 108,?
(a) 144
(b) 216
(c) 304
(d) 324

14. BZA, DYC, FXE, ?, JVI
(a) HUG
(b) HWG
(c) UHG
(d) WHG

15. If X is the brother of the son of Y’s son, how is X related to Y?
(a) Son
(b) Brother
(c) Cousin
(d) Grandson

16. Select the word which can be formed from the original word. ENVIRONMENT
(a) MOVEMENT
(b) ENTERTAIN
(c) EMINENT
(d) ENTRANCE

17. If E = 5 and HOTEL = 12, how will LAMB be written?
(a) 7
(b) 10
(c) 26
(d) 28

18. I am standing at the centre of a circular field. I go down South to the edge of the field and then turning left I walk along the boundary of the field equal to three-eighths of its length. Then, I turn West and go right across to the opposite point on the boundary. In which direction am I from the starting point?
(a) North-West
(b) North
(c) South-West
(d) West

Direction (Q.No. 19) Two statements are given followed by four Conclusions t II, HI and IV. You have to consider the statements to be true if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. You have to decide which of the given conclusions, if any, follow from the given statements. Indicate your answer.

19. Statements Every man should have his identity card with him.
That card should mention his blood group, complete address and telephone number for contact, in case, some serious accident takes place. Conclusions
I. Blood cannot be transfused until its group is mentioned in the- card.
II. The police needs this, inspection speed up on the accident is fatal.
III. In case of emergency, he may forget his address and may need the card to contact his house.
IV. None is supposed to forget his phone number under any circumstances.
(a) Only I follows
(b) Only II follows
(c) Only III follows
(d) Both III and IV follow

20. There are three different positions of a dice shown below. How many dots lie opposite 2 dots?

(a) 1
(b) 3
(c) 5
(d) 6

21. Select the answer figure in which the question figure is hidden/ embedded.

22. Which one of the following diagrams best depicts the relationship among Engineer, Doctor and People?

23. Study the following matrix and then answer the question given below.

Now, explain, what is the code of ‘GENDER’?
(a) 98, 99, 76, 97, 99, 56
(b) 98, 99, 76, 97, 98, 55
(c) 98, 99, 76, 97, 99, 55
(d) 98, 99, 76, 97, 87, 55

24. If the following words are arranged according to their size in descending order. Which one of the following word will be in third place?
She-goat, Elephant, Cow, Horse
(a) She-goat
(b) Cow
(c) Elephant
(d) Horse

25. If L stands for +, M stands for -, N stands for x, P stands for ÷, then 14N10L42P2M8 is equal to
(a) 153
(b) 216
(c) 248
(d) 251

Part II General Awareness

26. NREGP is the abbreviated form of
(a) National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme
(b) National Rural Educational Guarantee Programme
(c) National Rapid Educational Guarantee Programme
(d) National Rapid Employment Generation Programme

27. Mid Day Meal Scheme is financed and managed by
(a) Food and Civil Supply Department of State Government
(b) Department of Consumer Affairs and Welfare
(c) Ministry of Programme Implementation
(d) Ministry of Human Resource Development

28. Who has the Sole Right to issue paper currency in India?
(a) The Government of India
(b) The Finance Commission
(c) The Central Bank of India
(d) The Reserve Bank of India

29. According to our constitution, the Rajya Sabha
(a) is dissolved once in 2 years
(b) is dissolved every 5 years
(c) is dissolved every 6 years
(d) is not subject of dissolution

30. Which of the following chief justices of India acted as the President of India also?
(a) Justice M Hidayatullah
(b) Justice PN Bhagwati
(c) Justice Mehar Chand Mahanjan
(d) Justice B K Mukheijee

31. The legal advisor of State Government is known as
(a) Advocate-General
(b) Attorney-General
(c) Solicitor-General
(d) State public prosecutor

32. The first definite step to provide parliamentary control’ over East India Company was taken by
(a) The Regulating Act of 1773
(b) The Pitt’s India Act of 1784
(c) The Charter Act of 1793
(d) The Charter Act of 1813

33. Consider the following statements
1. IMuhammad Shah (1719-48) was the first Mughal ruler to patronize Urdu.
2. Malik Muhammad Jayasi wrote the famous epic ‘Padmavat’ in Hindi.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

34. The main cause of the conflict between the Nawab Sirajuddaula and the East India company was that
(a) the British opposed the succession of Sirajuddaula
(b) the British misused the Dustaq (free duty passes)
(c) the British attacked the french settlement of Chandranagar in Bengal
(d) the incident of black hole had occured

35. The British introduced the railways in India in order to
(a) promote heavy industries in India
(b) facilitate British commerce and administrative
(c) move foodstuff in case of famine
(d) enable Indians to move freely within the country

36. The Arya Samaj was founded by
(a) Swami Dayananda Saraswati
(b) Swami Vivekanand
(c) Keshav Chandra Sen
(d) Ishwar Chandra Vidya Sagar

37. Consider the following statements Salinity of water in the equatorial oceans decrease because
1. large rivers like Amazon and Congo enter into the sea.
2. evaporation is less.
3. waters from Arctic and Antarctic mix with the waters of equator.
4. of heavy rainfall
Which of these statements are correct?
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 3 and 4
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 1 and 4

38. Tidal Range denotes the
(a) rise of sea water and its movement toward the coast
(b) fall of sea water and its movement toward the sea
(c) rise and fall of sea water due to gravitational forces
(d) difference between high and low tide

39. Radialarian oozes occur in the depths of
(a) 600 to 1200 fathoms
(b) 1500 to 2000 fathoms
(c) 2000 to 5000 fathoms
(d) 5000 to 6000 fathoms

40. Name the continents that form a mirror image of each other
(a) North America and South America
(b) Asia and Africa
(c) Africa and South America
(d) Europe and Asia

41. Root found in Dahlia
(a) Tuberous root
(b) Fusiform root
(c) Fasiculated root
(d) Conical root

42. Leaf spot disease of rice is caused by
(a) Fungus
(b) Bacteria
(c) Virus
(d) None of these

43. The unit of intensity of electric field is
(a) Newton/coulomb
(b) Joule/coulomb
(c) Volt-metre
(d) Newton/metre

44. Instrument used to store the electric charge is known as
(a) inductor
(b) capacitor
(c) transformer
(d) transistor

45. Hard disc drives are considered storage
(a) flash
(b) non-volatile
(c) temporary
(d) non-permanent

46. H₂0 is liquid and H₂S is a gas because
(a) oxygen forms stronger hydrogen bond than sulphur
(b) oxygen is less elctronegative than sulpur
(c) atomic radius of oxygen is less than that of sulphur
(d) atomic radius of oxygen is greater than that of sulphur

47. Which one of the following pairs of geographical area show maximum biodiversity in our country?
(a) Sunderbans and Rann of Kutch
(b) Eastern Ghats and Paschim Banga
(c) Eastern Himalaya and Western Ghat
(d) Kerala and Punjab

48. The term PC means
(a) Private Computer
(b) Personal Computer
(c) Professional Computer
(d) Personal Calculator

49. Which of the following organisation issue the rules of global trade?
(a) World Bank
(b) World Trade Organisation
(c) Foreign Exchange Dealer’s Association
(d) Directorate General and Foreign Trade

50. Who has written the book War and Peace ?
(a) Khushwant Singh
(b) Mikhail Solokhov
(c) Count Leo Tolstoy
(d) Saul Bellow

Part III Quantitative Aptitude

51. The sum of two numbers is 10 and their product is 20. What will be the sum of their reciprocals?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 1/2
(d) 1/10

52. In the following, which is the greatest number?
(a)(4)²
(b) [(2+ 2)²]²
(c) (2x2x2)²
(d)(2+2+2)²

53. The HCF and LCM of the two numbers x and y are respectively 3 and 105. If x + y=36, then 1/x + 1/y is equal to
(a)35
(b)3/5
(c)4/35
(d)1/35

54.A cistern has two pipes. One can fill it with water in 8 h and the other can empty it in 5 h. In how many hours will the cistern be emptied if both the pipes are opened together when 3/4 of the cistern is already full of water?
(a) 3 1/3 h
(b) 6 h
(c) 10 h
(d)13 1/3 h

55.Raman bought a geyser at 9/10th its marked price and sold it at 8% more than its marked price. His gain per cent is
(a) 8
(b) 10
(c) 18
(d) 20

56. In a school, the ratio of boy, and girls is 4 : 5. When 100 girls leave the school, the ratio becomes 6:7. How many boys are there in the school?
(a) 1300
(b) 1500
(c) 1600
(d) None of the above

57. Two vessels A and B contain milk and water in the ratio 7 : 5 and 17 : 7, respectively, in what ratio mixtures from two vessels should be mixed to get a new mixture containing milk and water in the ratio 5:3?
(a) 1:2
(b) 2 : 1
(c) 2 : 3
(d) 3 : 2

58. If 6 2/5+ 80 % of 35 + 26 1/3 = ⊕,then what is the value of ⊕?
(a) 60 11/15
(b) 59 4/15
(c) 70 1/15
(d) 49 11/15

59.If 2x+1/3x=5, find the value of 5x/6x²+20x+1
(a)1/4
(b)1/6
(c)2/5
(d)1/7

60. In each of the dimensions of a rectangle is increased by 100%, its area is increased by
(a) 100%
(b) 200%
(c) 300%
(d) 400%

61. A cone of height 12 cm and radius 14 cm is to be divided into two parts by cutting through the mid-point of vertical axis. Then, the volume of conical part is
(a) 616 cm³
(b) 692 cm³
(c) 308 cm³
(d) 346 cm³

62. The radii of two right circular cylinders are in the ratio 3 : 4 and heights are in the ratio 4:5. The ratio of their curved surface area is
(a) 3 : 4
(b) 4 : 5
(c) 5 : 3
(d) 3 : 5

63. If x² + y² – 4x – 4y + 8 = 0, then the value of x -y is
(a) 4
(b) – 4
(c) 0
(d) 8

64. If ABCD is a quadrilateral whose diagonals AC and BD intersect at O, D then D

(a) (AB+BC+CD+ DA)<(AC+ BD)
(b) (AB+BC+CD+ DA) >2(AC+ BD)
(c) (AB + BC+CD+DA)>(AC+BD)
(d) AB+BC+CD+ DA =2(AC+ BD)

65. If sin B = 1/2, then 3 cos B – 4 cos³ B is equal to
(a) 1
(b) 3/4
(c) 0
(d) 2 1/2

66. If tan A = 1 and tan B = √3, then cos A . cos B . sin A sin B is equal to
(a)1+√3/2√2
(b)1-√3/2√2
(c)2√2/3
(d)1

67.If x² – 3x + 1 = 0, then the value of x³=1/x³ is
(a) 9
(b) 18
(c) 27
(d) 1

Directions (Q.Nos. 68-70) In the following pie-chart the people of various age groups of a town is shown.

The total population of the town is 10000, find the correct answer of the following questions.

68. The people in (40-50) age group are less than in (20-30) by
(a) 667
(b) 567
(c) 1333
(d) 1667

69. What is the ratio of people in the age group (30-40) to that of (10-20)?
(a) 2 : 3
(b) 4 : 3
(c) 1:2
(d) 9 : 4

70. The people in the age group (10-20) and the people in the age group (40-50) are together equal to
(a) the people in the age group (20-30)
(b) the people in the age group (30-40)
(c) the people in the age group of upto 10 yr
(d) None of the above

71. A boat takes half time in moving a certain distance downstream than upstream. What is the ratio between rate in still water and rate in current?
(a) 1 : 2
(b) 3 :1
(c) 2 : 1
(d) 1 : 3

72. A shopkeeper has 100 kg of tea. He sells a part of it at 20% profit and the rest at 5% loss. If his overall profit is 10%, find the quantity for each part?
(a) 20 kg
(b) 25 kg
(c) 30 kg
(d) 40 kg

73. What is the rate of interest, when the PW of Rs 1245 due 15 months hence is Rs 1200?
(a) 3%
(b) 2 1/2%
(c) 4%
(d) 5%

74. If a * b = 2a – 3b + ab then,3*5 + 5*3 is equal to
(a) 22
(b) 24
(c) 26
(d) 28

75. 25% of a number is less than 18% of 650 by 19. The number is
(a) 380.8
(b) 392
(c) 450
(d) 544

Part IV English Language

Directions (Q.Nos.76 and 77) Pick out the most effective word/phrase from the given words to fill in the blank to make the sentence meaningfully complete.

76. He knelt at his side and comforted him with ___words.
(a) harsh
(b) silent
(c) kind
(d) cruel

77. A man who is perpetually ___which of the two things he will do first, will do neither.
(a) Confuses
(b) forced
(c) orders
(d) hesitating

Directions (Q.Nos. 78-80) Read each sentence to find out whether there is any grammatical error or idiomatic error in it. The error, if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The number of that part is the answer. If there is no error, the answer is (d) i. e., ‘No error (Ignore errors of punctuation, if any).

78. He is neither in (a)/ favour of arms race or in favour of (b)/ simple nuclear disarmament, (c)/ No error (d)

79. Naturalisation is the process by which (a)/ a immigrant becomes a citizen (b)/of his new country, (c)/ No error (d)

80. A high fat diet not only increases the risks (a)/ of heart ailments (b) / however also that of other disorders, (c)/ No error (d)

Directions (Q.Nos.81 and 82) Which of the phrases (a), (b) and (c) given below each sentence should replace the phrase printed in bold in the sentence to make it grammatically correct? If the sentence is correct as is given and no correction is required, mark (d) as the answer.

81. Your doctor may explain the importance of a proper and balanced diet in the human body.
(a) an proper and balanced
(b) a proper or balance
(c) a prosperous and balance
(d) No correction required

82. English today is closer to been a world language than any other language has been in history.
(a) is closer for been
(b) is closer upon being
(c) is closer to being
(d) No correction required

Directions (Q.Nos. 83 and 84) In each sentence below three words have been printed in bold which are numbered (a), (b) and (c). One of these words may be misspelt or inappropriate in the context of the sentence. Find out the wrongly spelt or inappropriate word. The number of that word is the answer. If all the words are correctly spelt and are appropriate the answer is (d) i.e., all correct.

83. The importanse (a) given to content-oriented approach has affected the methodology (b) of this project, (c) All correct (d)

84. Almost all risk-taking (a) work involve (b) decision making under uncertainty, (c) All correct (d)

Directions (Q.Nos. 85-89) In the following passage there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. These numbers are printed below the passage and against each, four words are suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case.

Passage
Working under the psychometric approach, both scientists and practitioners have placed undue emphasis upon a unitary concept of intelligence as reflected in the single I.Q. They seem to have ….(85)…. too much attention to the products of intelligent behaviour rather than the processes used to acquire ….(86)…. products. Such attention to product rather than to process tends to’ mark qualitative differences in the processes by ….(87)…. individuals interact with their environment and to ….(88)…. attention away from the possibility of qualitative changes in the nature of these processes ….(89)…. the course of cognitive development.

85.
(a) gives
(b) gave
(c) forced
(d) given

86.
(a) those
(b) these
(c) that
(d) raw

87.
(a) how
(b) way
(c) speech
(d) which

88.
(a) draw
(b) seek
(c) force
(d) drag

89.
(a) at
(b) plan
(c) during
(d) follow

Directions (Q. Nos. 90-94) You have a passage with five questions. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each question out of the four alternatives.

Passage
Once there lived an old man who had a bag of gold. He was foolish. He dug a hole in the ground and put the bag of gold into the hole. Then he covered the hole with a stone. He used to visit the place nearly every day.
He would take away the stone and put his fingers into the hole. Then he would touch the gold and feel very happy. One day he took the stone away and put his fingers into the hole. How angry and sad he was when he discovered that his treasure was not there. The old man went to a friend and sadly told him the story. His friend said.
There is no reason for you to be sad. Your gold was useless to you. You still have the hole. You can visit it whenever you like. All you have to do is to imagine that your treasure is still there.

90. The old man hid the gold
(a) in a secret chamber
(b) in a bank locker
(c) underground
(d) in an unknown place

91. The old man was pleased when he
(a) used the gold
(b) touched the gold
(c) added to the gold
(d) gave away the gold.

92. The old man visited the place where he had kept the gold hidden
(a) every day
(b) once a week
(c) almost every day
(d) as often as possible

93. The friend’s words possibly made the old man
(a) happy
(b) angry
(c) relieved
(d) excited

94. The friend told the old man that
(a) he had not lost anything
(b) he would get back his gold
(c) he should complain to the police
(d) he should not have hidden it in a hole.

Directions (Q. Nos. 95 and 97) Out of the four alternatives, choose the one which can be substituted for the given words/sentence.

95. A post with little work, but high salary.
(a) Director
(b) Trustee
(c) Sinecure
(d) Ombudsman

96. Something that causes death.
(a) Dangerous
(b) Fatal
(c) Brutal
(d) Horrible

97. A person who writes decoratively.
(a) Calligrapher
(b) Collier
(c) Choreographer
(d) Cartographer

Directions (Q. Nos. 98 and 99) In these questions, the first and the last sentences of the passage are numbered as S1 and S6. The rest of the passage is split into four parts and named P, Q, R and S. These four parts are not given in their proper order. Read the sentences and find out, which of the four combinations is correct. Then, find the correct answer.

98. S1-A lot of people simply dump their rubbish in open bins.
P. All sorts of diseases are carried by the flies.
Q. Then they come into the house . and infect uncovered food.
R. In this rubbish the flies breed and multiply.
S. Such carelessness invites flies to the rubbish.
S6.Consumption of such food can only bring disease and sickness.
The proper sequence should be
(a) SPQR
(b) RQPS
(c) RPQS
(d) SRQP

99. S1.Madurai is a historically important place.
P. Besides all these the Chitra festival attracts visitors.
Q. It has the famous Meenakshi Temple.
R. The place is also famous for the jasmine flower.
S. Further it is an architectural marvel.
S6.Due to all these factors Madurai is a popular tourist spot.
The proper sequence should be
(a) QSRP
(b) RSPQ
(c) PQRS
(d) SRPQ

100. Choose the correct alternative which is opposite in meaning to the given word.
Glossy
(a) Dull
(b) Shining
(c) Weary
(d) Tired

Answers

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SSC CHSL Topic Wise Study Material – Essay Writing

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SSC CHSL Topic Wise Study Material – Essay Writing

SSC CHSL Study Material SSC CHSL Previous Papers SSC CHSL Practice Workbook

Essay Writing

How to Write an Excellent Essay?
‘Essay writing is an art. One may have thorough knowledge of a topic or a subject, but, to put one’s knowledge in a logical and coherent way requires logical skill, practice and subtle technique’.

1.From Brain Drain to Brain Gain

“The brain drain has been a curse for developing countries like India. Throughout the post World War II era, the best and brightest routinely left for search of better economic opportunities and higher standards of living in the West. Entire graduating classes from the elite Indian Institutes of Technology emigrated during the 1970s and 1980s”.

Every year, tens of thousands of highly specialized professionals and academics leave the developing world for what they believe to be a better quality of life in countries of the North. The majority of doctors, engineers; lecturers, researchers and senior managers as well as students are tempted by more attractive career opportunities, salaries and living conditions. A university- degree is also the safest passport out of an unstable political environment.
In this era of globalization, the high skilled workers are moving freely and trapping the global opportunities. This new dimension of international migration is passing through an experience of Brain Drain and then followed by Brain Circulation in many parts of the globe. In many parts of the world, brain drain is giving way to the process of brain Circulation as talented immigrants return to their homeland with technology, capital, managerial and institutional know-how, to harness promising opportunities. Such evidences are already- emerging in India.
From late 1960s, a strong wave of well-educated and professionally competent immigrants from India, started moving towards the industrially advanced countries. But now in every field of technology, retuning emigrant Indian technocrats and scientists are taking India into the forefronts of technological innovations, where brain loss is compensated by corresponding brain gain. For sustaining this process, we have to create opportunities in India and have to promote young talents to work in India, for making brain circulation a catalyst for India’s accelerating development.
As per the UNESCO report (1969), ’‘the brain drain could be defined as an abnormal form of scientific exchange between countries, characterized by a one way flow in favour of the most highly developed countries”. According to Part II of the World Economic and Social Survey (2004) on International Migration, large scale global migration took place after 1970. In 2000. there were 175 million persons (2.9% of total world population) living outside their country of birth where 20% of this were accounted in US only. It has been found that the overall economic impact of migration is beneficial for destination countries primarily through due to the supply of skilled labour. On the other side, economic benefits form out migration to the developing countries are ambiguous. These countries are suffering from brain drain, which includes inability to make use of migrant’s talents and wastage of resources spent on the migrant’s education. Experience of migration of skillful people differs spatially,i.e., country to country as well as temporally. So, every country has a unique experience of migration it can not be generalized.
In case of India, from 1950s, a strong wave of out migration of skilled workers is well marked which is still continuing with increasing magnitude. Technocrats and expert professionals moved towards the western countries such as USA, Canada, UK and Australia as permanent migrants largely. In the 1960s and 1970s, the flow of scientists, engineers and medical personnel from developing to industrialised nations was thought to have almost entirely negative consequences for the source countries, affecting their university staffing and availability of industrial personnel. Recently, however, there has been growing emphasis on reverse flows of knowledge and skills and of money the migrants send home. What was once termed brain drain is now seen as, brain circulation, but this has blurred important issues affecting most developing countries.
A little over two decades ago, when the then Prime . Minister Rajiv Gandhi during a visit to the United States to meet with President Ronald Reagan was asked about the flight of top professional talent from India to the US, he said it was not a ‘brain drain’ as it was being dubbed, but a ‘brain bank’ for India to draw upon whenever necessary. Indian Ambassador Meera Shankar was asked the.very same question by the members of The Indus Entrepreneurs, Washington DC chapter during an interaction.
She too, like the former Prime Minister said, it was not a brain drain, but rather brain circulation. “What goes around, comes around, and I have seen that movement of Indians to other countries has had a very positive impact back in India.” Expanding on this point Shankar said, “once Andhra Pradesh was one of the most backward States in India but now it is one of the most developed State, thanks to the engineers, technical experts and scientists who came to the US, gathered useful knowledge and then exported that to their home state.” Brain migration is not always carrying adverse effects even on the sending countries if there is exchange of scholars, researchers, engineers and technocrats, scientists, medical experts between developing and developed countries or within developing countries with the purpose of mutual benefits in the form of knowledge sharing. But in the reality, such type of brain circulation is not taking place until and unless the sending country itself become competitive enough to attract the talented mass with creating opportunities and favourable work environment for them to work.
For a long period, since Indian independence, India was fighting for creating basic infrastructure and for providing mere basic amenities to its inhabitants. India is still struggling for these at some level. During this period, our economy was not competitive, private sector was immature, research and development institutions were in infancy stage and because of inability to make use of migrant’s talents brain drain became an unavoidable process.
Developing countries with these bottlenecks can not offer modern professionals the economic rewards and desirable social conditions.
In the last few decades, India has improved upon these areas. Presently, India is emerging as a favourable destination for the young talents. In India, there is a remarkable progress in the development of basic infrastructure, Indian economy is sustaining in the global competition and playing effectively in the multilateral marketing structure, Indian research and development institutions are providing good research environment and giving high level research outcomes in many areas such as space technology, information technology etc., Indian multinationals have emerged as a global players in the last two decades.
Today, India having over 250 million middle class population with good paying capacity for maintaining their livening standard and providing better educational opportunities to their children. Nearly half of India’s population is in working age group of 15-59 years. In the coming decades, India is going to become a hub of technically sound human resource which will again strengthen the knowledge based economy of India and will transform the India’s image in world context. India is the fourth largest economy in the world in terms of purchasing power parity, and expected to become third largest economy of the world in the first half of 21st ’ Century after USA and China.
India is moving forward in many areas such as , development of infrastructures, improving research and development in science and technology, world trade, competitiveness with sustained high economic growth. Much of economic success experienced by India during these decades can be attributed to her large base of human intellectual resource capabilities, knowledge industry and most importantly the continuous effort in the promotion and innovation of science and technology. India is now ready to attract its young talented mass to work in India, thus, it provides opportunity for brain circulation.
Nasscom, a trade group of Indian outsourcing companies, estimates that more than 30000 technology professionals have returned India during years 2004 & 2005. In Bengaluru, the high-tech city of India, thousands of overseas Indians (IT professionals) have set up their home. Besides Bengaluru, Hyderabad and National Capital region are the most preferred destination for these returnees. Here, they are getting Western style work environment, good remuneration and quick Career jumps.
It has been noticed that most of returnees are first-generation expatriates, along with this second-generation Indians living in US are also – returning. The year 2010 saw as many as 60000 Indian professionals who had settled in the USA, return to India. With the economic depression naming loss of jobs as the crucial factor for coming home, the fact remains that some of the best minds are back.
There is a remarkable increase in foreign investment in research and development in India over the last five years, is an indicator of India’s growing reputation as an intellectual powerhouse. Return skilled workers and researchers are working as catalysts in this boom.
Major developments in medical and information technology research along with many other scientific areas giving signs of brilliant future for India. In 2001, to slow down the emigration of Indian IIT pass outs and other engineers TIT Bombay set up an information technology incubator at the Kanwal Rekhi School of Information Technology (KReSIT).
This incubator has started building a culture of entrepreneurship in the areas of making intellectual property and products among IITians and encouraging them to work in India. Several government departments have stepped forward to support the initiative. On the line of this IIT Delhi, IIT Kanpur and IIT Madras have also started their own business incubators. The level of success-of these incubators in persuading IITians to take up entrepreneurship as a career option in India that can be judged after passage of time.
This is a reality that only a few countries have been successful in luring their talented emigrants back home. China, Korea, Ireland etc. countries got relative success in attracting return migration due to the opening of their economies and aggressive policies to foster domestic investments in innovation and R&D.
Developing countries with some infrastructure in R&D, like India, are likely to attract the returnees, as well as money and business contacts. Countries which are capable to create opportunities for research and development, innovation and entrepreneurship can stimulate return migration and capital flow. In many parts of the world, the brain drain is giving way to a process of brain circulation.
For this developing countries need to open their economies, formulate effective science and technology policies, develop world class institutional infrastructure, improve physical infrastructure, high grade social amenities and supportive work environment.
India in regularly progressing on these lines and a clear indication of initiation of brain circulation can be seen. For strengthening this process, India has to work more aggressively to fulfill its commitments towards implementation of these strategies. Indian policymakers now have opportunity to transform the brain drain from a curse into an asset.

Vocab-Card
1. tempt—to attract or appeal strongly, to entice or allure to do something often regarded as unwise, wrong or immoral;
2. harness—control, manage, utilize, exploit;
3. ambiguous—open to or having several possible meanings or interpretations;
4. amenities—comforts, conveniences, creature comforts;
5. remuneration— reward, pay;
6. expatriate—to banish (a person) from his or her native country;
7. innovation—something new or different introduced, creativity;
8. incubator—an apparatus in which eggs are hatched artificially.

2.Capital Punishment

“Capital Punishment is the legal infliction of death as a penalty for violating criminal law of the land. Since time immemorial people have been put to death for various forms of wrongdoing. Methods of execution have included such practices as crucifixion, stoning, drowning, burning at the stake, impaling and beheading. Today capital punishment is typically accomplished by lethal gas or injection, electrocution, hanging or shooting”.

In modern world, the death penalty is the most notorious severe practice. Other harsh, physical forms of criminal punishment also referred to as corporal punishment have generally been eliminated in modern times as ,unsophisticated and unnecessary. In the majority of countries, contemporary methods of punishment, such as imprisonment or fines, no longer involve the infliction of physical pain. Although imprisonment and fines are universally recognized as necessary to control the crime. The nations of the world are split on the issue of capital punishment. About 80 nations have abolished the death penalty and an almost equal number of nations retain it. An accepted principle of the society is that every person has an equal right to ‘life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.’ Within that framework, an argument for capital punishment can be formulated along the following lines, some acts are so vile and destructive for society that they invalidate the right of the committor even to life. The privilege of living and pursuing the good life in a society is not absolute. It may be negated by behaviour that undermines the nature of a moral community.
Living in a society expects that one honours the rightful claims of others. The utter and deliberate denial of life and opportunity to others, forfeits one’s own claim to continue in the society. The preservation of moral community demands that the shattering of the foundation of its existence must be taken with utmost seriousness. The preciousness of life in a moral society must be so highly honoured that those who do not honour the life of others bias their own right to membership ‘null and void’. Those who violate the rights of others, especially if this is done persistently as a habit must pay the ultimate penalty. This punishment must be inflicted for the sake of maintaining the law in the society. The point of contention is whether capital punishment even in such cases is justified or not?
An ideal society would be made up of citizens devoted to promote a balance between individual self-fulfillment and the advancement of the common good. Social life would be based on mutual love. Everyone would contribute to the best of ability and each would receive in accordance with legitimate claims to available resources.
What action should a community based on this kind of love take against those who commits brutal acts of terror, violence and murder? Taken in negatively, it would govern by the philosophy of “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, and a life for a life. ” Those who show no respect for other’s life would be restrained permanently, if necessary, so that they could not further pose a threat to endanger the lives of others. But the purpose of confinement would not be vengeance or punishment. Rather an ideal society would find out the reasons and circumstances that had made one to commit a crime and rectify matters, apart from mercy even to those who had shown no mercy. It would work as a treatment by good ‘ for evil. The aim of isolation is reconciliation and not revenge. It is ever hoped that even the worst among us can be redeemed so that one’s own potential contribution to others can be realized.
In brief, such are the arguments for and against capital punishment, that one is founded on justice and the nature of moral society, the other rests on love and the nature of an ideal spiritual society. If we stand back from this description and make an attempt at evaluation, one point is crucial. The love ethic requires a high degree of morals and maturity. It is more suitable for a small,closely-knit society in which all people love each other in depth. Forgiveness and reclamation flourish best where people participate in each others lives with love and affection. It becomes an ethic of non-resistance to evil, unqualified pacifism and self-sacrifice where self interest has totally gone by. The non-resisting Jesus on the cross who surrenders his life to save others is the epitome of the highest love and sacrifice.
Ethical love means ‘no condition’ and will reach out to others even when they lack merit. But, it will resist encroachment upon its own equal claim to fulfillment and will repel if possible any denial of one’s own right to be fully human in every respect. Against the pacifist, ethical love would justify killing in self-defence and killing enemies in a just war when non-lethal alternatives are not available. They are necessary and tragic emergency to stop present and ongoing violence.
Can unconditional love for the others that regards the welfare of the neighbour equal with one’s own, be the ideal expected of the citizens. Surely, that would be to hope for an ‘ impossible possibility.’
Nation states are not likely, even occasionally, to become ecstatic in their devotion to each other. Mutual, not even to mention sacrificial, love is hardly the guiding rule of relations between two corporates, nor does either have aspirations in that direction. A workable ethical standard for the state and the nation will appeal to the ideals defined by justice and the requirements of a moral society. To say it otherwise, ethical love expressed as social policy for large, impersonal societies takes the form of justice. What that norm involves for a secular, pluralistic societies which cannot be spelled out here.
Within this framework a strong but debatable case can be made for capital punishment. Pragmatically and politically, of course, one has to work within the framework of justice as defined by the secular society in which they have their citizenship and seek to transform it in the light of their own ideals.
The most compelling arguments against capital punishment can be made on the basis of its actual administration in the society.
Following reasons and arguments are assigned against the infliction of Capital Punishment
1. The possibility of error Sometimes an innocent person might be put to death. Sometimes the capital punishment is inflicted disproportionately on the poor and minorities as our judicial system is not transparent. It depends on witnesses only and that may be false or otherwise.
2. Weakness of the argument for deterrence The claim that the threat of capital punishment reduces violent crime is inconclusive, certainly not proven, extremely difficult to disprove, and morally suspect in any case. Many surveys reflects the weakness of such arguments.
3. The length of stay on death row If there was ever any validity to the deterrence argument, it is negated by the endless appeals, delays, technicalities and retrials that keep persons condemned to death waiting for execution for years.
One of the strongest arguments right now against capital punishment is that we are too incompetent to carry it out and that becomes another injustice.
4. Mitigating circumstances Persons who commit vicious crimes have often suffered from neglect, emotional trauma, violence, cruelty, abandonment, lack of love, and a host of destructive social conditions. These extenuating circumstances may have damaged their humanity to the point that it is unfair to hold them fully accountable for their wrongdoing.
In conclusion, the present practice of capital punishment is regarded by many a moral disgrace. The irony is that the societies that have the least right to inflict it are precisely most likely to do so. The compounding irony is that the economic malfunctions and cultural diseases in the society contribute to the violence that makes it necessary to unleash even more repression and brutality against its unruly citizens to preserve order and stave off chaos.
The society provides opportunities for all citizens to achieve a good life in a sensible culture, so it is reasonable to believe that the demand for capital punishment will be reduced or eliminated. It points to the shallowness of our dedication to solving the basic problems of poverty, moral decay, meaninglessness and social discord.

Vocab-Card
1. punishment—penalty, the act of punishing;
2. violating—breaching, despoiling;
3. immemorial—long past, beyond the limits of memory or tradition on.recorded history;
4. crucifixion—excruciation;
5. corporal—bodied, corporate, bodily;
6. imprisonment—captivity, internment;
7. deliberate—calculated, cogitate, intentional;
8. preciousness—invaluableness, valuableness;
9. fulfilment—a feeling of satisfaction at having achieved your desires;
10. reconciliation—balancing, rapprochement;
11. spiritual—apparitional, relating to thoughts and beliefs;
12. pacifism—passivism, the doctrine that all violence is unjustifiable;
13. pragmatically—in a realistic manner;
14. malfunctions—misfunctions, a failure to function normally;
15. brutality—barbarism, ferociousness, viciousness;
16. meaninglessness—nonsense, nonsensicality;
17. violent—crimson, fierce, vehement.

3.Election Reforms Vs Indian Democracy

“Though Election Reforms are must for the survival of our democracy, yet it is the awareness among public to vote in favour of sincere, dedicated and honest political leaders which can put a check on all evils of the system.”

The election process in our country is the progenitor of political corruption. Politicians today have a moniaim to capture power, by hook or by crook, with no consideration for moral or ethical values. The erstwhile Chief Election Commissioner, TN Sheshan considered the election process to be the root cause of corruption and the corrupt influences in our political system. In his peculiar style, he endeavoured to the best of his capability, to purge the electoral system of the baneful influences of money power, muscle power, politicians, dominance and bureaucratic favouritism. In the history of Indian democracy, it was Mr TN Sheshan, who took the cudgels alone to fight the hitherto unchallengeable politicians and showed them the authority of the office of the Election Commission. The indefatigable Sheshan, made it crystal clear that unless the political system, from top to bottom, was freed from the evil of corruption, there could be no permanent solution of this cancerous evil.
In the path of reform in election process, the judgment of Supreme Court delivered on 13th March, 2003, has a far reaching positive and resultant impact. With this judgment, it has become mandatory for candidates to declare their criminal antecedents, wealth, educational qualifications etc. A three judge bench said that a “voter has a fundamental right to know the antecedents of a candidate and this right was independent of the statutory right under the election law”. The judges declared that a voter is first a citizen of this country and apart from statutory rights, he has fundamental rights conferred by the Constitution. A member of the Bench,Mr Justice MB Shah observed that the “right to vote would be meaningless unless citizens are well informed about the antecedents of a candidate”. The judge said that exposure to public gaze and scrutiny was one of the surest means to change our democratic governing system and have a competent legislature. Mr Justice Dharmadhikari observed that an improved electoral system was required to make the election process transparent and accountable so that the influence of tainted money and physical force of criminals did not make democracy a farce.
Fair and free election is the necessity of democracy, wherein every representative of the people whether MLA or MP has to observe the laws of the nation in true spirit. It is no secret that money and muscle power play very crucial role in the elections and whosoever can make more investment in terms of money and muscle power has a better chance of winning. Politics has become a most lucrative business in which one time investment of money and muscle power, can generate revenue sufficient for many generations. Today politicians have but one aim to clinch the power by any means, fair or unfair.
It is paradoxical that everyone including the Election Commission knows that the ceiling of expenditure fixed, is just enough to cover up the small proportion of the actual expenses, but the Election Commission has no way to check expenditure done by the politicians. A suggestion was also made earlier, that the election expenses be funded by the government, to check the misuse of black money in the elections, but due to lack of ‘will’ on the part of political leaders and many other practical problems in its implementation it was not taken sincerely.
A very crucial milestone achieved by the government in the process of election reforms, was the 97th Amendment in the Constitution which disqualifies all elected legislators who violate party whip irrespective of the size of defecting faction. The earlier provision recognised a split of one-third of the membership a valid defection, now this provision has been repealed . The scourge of defection has literally scarred the face of Indian democracy. The most blightful outcome has been to negate the verdict of the people, as defecting legislators scamper across parties with abandon in search of greener pastures, ignoring the party on whose ticket they were elected. The gross political corruption was mostly accompanied by lucrative horse trading by our political leaders, keeping away all moral and ethical values. So shocking have become such defection processes, that Lok Sabha had no difficulty in unanimously passing the’ 97th Constitution Amendment Bill. It is hoped that this amendment will stop the prevailing sordid practice of defections by the political leaders. Some raised a point against this amendment that this law will shut out the inner party dissent and may bring about utter bossism in the party system. The bill has also limited the number of ministers, that could not be more than 15% of the strength of legislatures. The provision will check those ambitious self-centred politicians who defect from the original party to become ministers in the government. There was no limit earlier, though guidelines of the Administrative Reforms Committee had placed the norm at 10%. This provision will also have a check on extravagant expenditure on ministers at the cost of the innocent public through taxation.
The Election Commission exercises full discretionary and disciplinary powers during the election period. It was with the efforts of Election Commission that a consensus among the political parties was built up on the implementation of model code of conduct. The Election Commission has accomplished a vital task of introduction of photo identity cards for all voters in the country. The identity cards not only eliminate the evil of impersonation but are also useful in various fields. The commission has made it mandatory for voters to identify themselves either by the voter identity cards or any other authorised document. The introduction of electronic voting machines is also a step forward in election reforms, which make the booth capturing almost impossible unless the presiding officer and other staff are also involved.
Lately, the EC had proposed that in the ballot paper or , on the ballot unit of the Electronic Voting Machine, there . should be a column ‘None of the above’ after the name of the last candidate. EC had said it would enable a voter to reject all candidates, if he chooses so. The proposal does not even required a big legislative intervention. All that is needed is an amendment to rules 22 and 49B of 1 the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961.
At present, rule 490 of the Conduct of Election Rules provides that an elector may refuse to vote after he has been identified and necessary entries in the register of elections are made. But, EC had argued that this process did not protect the secrecy of voting as polling officials and polling agents get to know the voter’s decision.
Senior advocate, Prashant Bhushan said Indian Against Corruption was yet to formalize its views but personally he thought the right to recall/reject was a great idea. ‘It’s in practice in many countries. 5 to 10% of electorate can sign up and demand that their representative be recalled as he had failed to deliver.’ Social reformer Anna Hazare has said that he will next campaign for electoral reforms and we completely agree that election financing is at the ,core of corruption in India.
With all the above reforms it is still to be seen how successful will be our political system to fight the evil of corruption in our democratic setup. The use of money and muscle power in elections cannot be set aside by these reforms. More stringent rules are required and more powers are necessary to be given to the Election Commission.To fight the devil of corruption a strong will power, determined efforts and a dedicated approach is required from the political leaders.
If ethics and morality is expected from the political leaders, the voting to a fair and honest leaders is expected from the general public, without having any consideration to caste, creed or other affiliation of the candidate. In democracy, the public is the most powerful entity. If the public do not vote in favour of criminals, dishonest and corrupt politicians who wish to purchase their votes by money or muscle powers, every thing shall be all right.

Vocab-Card
1. Reforms—reformation, betterment, amelioration;
2. progenitor—forebear, begetter, ancestor;
3. ethical—humane, moral, upright;
4. erstwhile—former, past, recent;
5. peculiar—strange, wonderful, singular;
6. endeavoured—set in motion, begun, launched;
7. purge—abstersion, clarification, expurgation;
8. baneful—fatal, lethal, murderous, mortal;
9. dominancy—a dominating, or being dominant, control, authority;
10. cudgels—stick, bat, bludgeon;
11. indefatigable—inexhaustible, unwearied;
12. stalwarts—sturdy, robust, vigorous;
13. mandatory—compulsory, forced, obligatory;
14. gaze—stare, eye, contemplate, gape;
15. scrutiny—analysis, investigation, inspection;
16. reverend—revered, respected, venerated;
17. stringent—acrimonious, rigorous.

4.Human Rights Violations

“It is the obligation of the state to ensure everyone the right to adequate food, education and enjoyment of highest attainable standards of physical and mental health. These rights have to be respected and made available to the citizens by the state”.

Human Rights Violations have become very common now a days. The newspapers and TV tell us that every day and at every moment, somewhere in the world, Human Rights are being violated. Broadly speaking ‘Human Right’ means right to life, liberty, equality, and the dignity of an individual irrespective of caste, creed or sex. These Human Rights are natural rights, required to be protected for peaceful existence of a person. Our Constitution safeguards the Human Rights, but inspite of all such provisions, the violation of these rights is very frequently taking place. The protection and preservation of Human Rights is a great challenge to every country in the world. Cases of violence, murder, torture, rape, child
abuse, death due to starvation, death due to dowry, sexual harassment, custodial deaths, etc., have become rampant in the society. The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) has been able touch the tip of the iceberg of the problem of Human Rights Violation. But, NHRC can’t be blamed, when the entire society is culpable in respect of Human Rights violations in one way or the other, it is not possible for the (NHRC) to keep vigil on every human being in the country.
The former chairperson of the National Human Rights Commission, Dr Justice AS Anand has emphasized that it is the obligation of the state to ensure that everyone has the right to adequate food, education and enjoyment of highest attainable standards of physical and mental health. These rights have to be respected and made available to the citizens by the state, said Justice Anand while inaugurating the two-day capacity building workshop on “Economic, Social and cultural rights” jointly organized by the National Human Rights Commission and the Indian Institute of Public Administration.
Under the international covenant on economic, social and cultural rights a state party is obliged to use all steps to achieve progressively full realization of the rights recognized in the covenant. Justice Anand said these include adoption of legislative means, to be exercised on a non-discriminatory basis. “India, being a signatory to universal declaration of Human Rights, international covenant on economic, social and cultural rights and other international instruments, is legally as well as morally committed to ensure basic human rights to all its citizens and enact laws accordingly”, Justice Anand said. With every passing year, conviction has grown in the commission that for right to live with human dignity, it is essential to focus in equal measures on economic, social and cultural rights and civil and political rights. The indivisibility and interrelated nature of these rights is a reality and there is a symbiosis between them. Those in the field must, therefore, ensure that the concern and anxiety, which they show for political and social rights, are also manifested in economic, social and cultural rights as well.
The abject poverty prevailing in the country, denies basic Human Rights to millions of poor in our country. Poverty is the major cause of various Human Rights violations. Child labour, Bonded labour and illiteracy are various vulnerable points of Human Rights violations. The Human Rights of women are violated from birth to death. Even the Right of females to be born is taken away by sex determination tests, with termination of female fetus. Female infanticide is common in many parts of the country even on date. Sexual abuse of female children, dowry deaths, flourishing flesh trade, rape cases, pitiable conditions of widows living in Vrindawan and Varanasi are some flagrant examples of violations of the rights of the fair sex. Ours is a male dominated society, where women are being treated as their subordinates. Most of the women in real terms, do not enjoy any rights at all. They just live first as per the wishes of their parents and after marriage as per the whims of their husband and in the old age, as per the convenience of their sons and daughters-in-law.
The NHRC, has tried to check the human rights violations in a wide range of spheres. The commission has asked the States and Union Territories in April 2000, to compulsorily video film the post-mortem examination in all cases of custodial deaths. There had been a large number of custodial deaths, with Bihar at the top. The commission asked the State Governments to sensitise the police and jail officials. The NHRC also took up the cases of victimised women. It also recommended that the maintenance allowance for divorced women be increased from Rs 500 to Rs 5000 per month. Cases of violation of children’s rights, like trafficking in children, imprisonment of juveniles, child marriage, have also been taken up by the NHRC. The NHRC also took up cases of rapes, deaths and detentions without trials, vehemently. The NHRC had taken up the case of Best Bakery in Gujarat and moved an application in the Supreme Court. The Apex Court heard the matter and found that the state carried out the investigation and prosecution in a manner which ruled out conviction.
The founding fathers of the Indian Constitution, had a vision of the Indian society, which they wanted to realize through the Constitution. That vision was primarily reflected in the Preamble, the chapters on Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy. In a way, the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policy is the product of human rights movement in the country. It is the duty of the State to ensure compliance of what is said in the Constitution. But the shocking evidence that the state itself is the culprit. According to Mr JS Verma, the former chairman of the NHRC. “It is often the state which is violator of Human Rights in maximum cases in the country. But the maximum responsibility to protect and safeguard the rights of its citizens also lies with the state”.
The former chairperson of the National Human Rights Commission, Dr Justice AS Anand stressed the need for making Human Rights the focal point of good governance. He called for greater role for National Human Rights Commissions in the work of United Nations, its treaty bodies and specialized agencies, stressing the need to further develop co-operation between them. He emphasized that the protection of Human Rights not only requires vigilance by various agencies but also sustained co-operation at regional and international levels.
No commission or police station can police every nook and corner of the country. No NGO, or any other agency can be present every where to protect the human rights. It is we the people, it,is the duty of every civilised person to rise to the occasion. This can be brought about only through general awakening which makes everyone understand the eternal values of life and dignity of an individual irrespective of caste, creed or sex. Swami Vivekanand said “Self in you is the Self everywhere. ”

Vocab-Card
1. adequate—appropriate, proper;
2. starvation— deprivation, hunger, need, want;
3. rampant—uncontrolled, growing without check;
4. culpable—blameworthy, punishable, blamable;
5. obligation—necessity, commitment, burden, debt;
6. enact—decree, sanction, ordain, order, dictate;
7. symbiosis—interdefendence, animate existence;
8. manifested—clear, evident, visible, unmistakable;
9. infanticide—child-murder, puericide, abortion;
10. flagrant—glaring,, blatant, notorious;
11. whims— notions, vagaries, caprice;
12. sensitize—stimulate, refine, sharpen;

5.Nationalism

“Nationalism is a sacred passion, a great moral and ethical belief, a social expression on a national plane, immense love for the country. It is an in-frangible notion to treat loyalty to one’s nation superior to all other loyalties”.

A true nationalist is one who regards his country as the cause of his existence and ready to abandon his own interests for its welfare. An avowed nationalist never minds sacrificing everything including his life for the cause of the nation. People adore and glorify him as an incarnation of a super being. Poets compose verses in honour of his deeds and everyone prays for his immortality. After death he is treated as an eternal fountain of inspiration, an ideal to be followed by all, a beacon light which shows right path even after his departure.
Nationalism can’t be treated as a passive thing or inconspicuous way of leading life. It is such an active and self motivated, inner emotion which urges one to do and dare any thing for the cause of nation. They die so that others may live. There are many instances even in the history of our freedom struggle where for the cause of motherland, many suffered unimaginable hardships and many sacrificed their lives for the cause of nation.
Shaheed Bhaget Singh, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Subhash Chandra Bose, Bipin Chandra Pal, Chandra Shekhar Azad, Mahatma Gandhi and so many, who had never cared for their own comfort and they lived for the cause of the motherland and died for her. They were the true nationalists.
Since time immemorial, in all the histories of civilization, nationalism has remained and regarded a subject of ‘ eloquent praise on the lips of everybody. The love and attachment to one’s motherland is not unnatural. Its root lies in the affection one receives since one is born in that land. Everyone has the feeling of nationalism, love for one’s country.
An unknown poet has beautifully composed the following lines, that shows the feeling of immense love for the motherland “O for a glimpse of my motherland so fair! O for a breath of its sweet scented air! There let me live and oh, there let me die! There is sweet silence my dead body shall lie”.

Evils of Nationalism
Nothing is wrong in loving one’s country, nothing is wrong in having loyalty to one’s country, but if the love and loyalty becomes so strong, that it result into hatred for all other countries, and other nations it becomes an evil. Blind nationalism dwarfs the mind just as Chinese woman’s unnatural shoes compress and distort her feet. Nationalism, when it outruns its reasonable limits, becomes organized hypocrisy and creates hatred for other nations.
Extreme nationalism glorifies war. Nationalism when diverted from the path of reason and common good, quite often loses its sacred instincts and degenerates into aggressive attitude of nationalism. A nationalist without high moral and ethical considerations, adores his country blindly and treats all other people of the Earth as downright barbarians.
Cecil Rhodes wrote in his will, “I contend that the British race is the finest which history has yet produced.” Victor Hugo said, “O France, it is the need of the universe that thou shouldest live. I repeat it France is necessary for the human race”. It was never felt by these men that other faces and people are also created by the same Almighty and were not less than their countrymen.
Many European nations carried out the mission of their dominance and tried to implant the same by force over other countries. Nationalism, if mixed with the unworthy motives, and self-centred greed for power and imperialistic motives, becomes the worst cause to destroy and destruct the existence of civilization in the world. The foolishness of an irrational nationalism can well be seen in the writings of Rupert Brooke who wrote that when he died he wished to go to an English Heaven. Owing to such parochial feelings, some of the eminent philanthropists and enlightened thinkers of present time have advocated the idea of cosmopolitanism that means the whole world is the nation of everyone. The theory of cosmopolitanism discards the boundaries of countries and everyone is the citizen of,the world.
It says that in the present age of globalization, scientific inventions, space research has brought the world closer wonderfully, so it shall be a folly to talk of nationalism. The ideal of nationalism is nothing but; an orthodoxical narrow thinking concept, which has no relevance in this world of scientific and technological advancement. If we honestly look at the things in the present perspective, lakh of Indians are living well in various countries throughout the world. They have their allegiance with the respective country though emotionally attached with India, their motherland. Lacs of foreign nationals are visiting India, some settle here.
Many foreign companies and their employees are. earning from our country and our companies have their employees and offices settled in foreign countries and the boundaries among the nations have just remained the boundaries for the sake of getting passport and visas. In such a situation, talking of nationalism looks redundant. Now people have started thinking of good for all the human race, for all the civilisation of the Earth. The idea of cosmopolitanism, which started, slowly and gradually is getting recognition and-acceptance now-a-days.
Despite various evils of nationalism, or extreme nationalism, it is a natural feeling acquired not by any technical means, but by birth and is a virtue by itself. As loving one’s mother, father, can’t be something bad, likewise loving one’s country is also not bad, but hatred of other nations is indeed the worst form of nationalism. Nationalism, if spiritualized with higher moral and ethical values, and if in apposition to the motto of Abraham Lincon, ‘With malice towards none, with charity for all’, becomes one of the most sacred emotions, worthy of utmost praise.
The nationalism of Hitler and Musolini are the worst shape of nationalism. We need nationalism with love for our country as well as love and affection towards all.

Vocab-Card
1. sacred—concerned with religion or religious purposes
2. passion—strong feeling or emotion;
3. immense—unusually great in size or amount or degree or especially extent or scope;
4. infrangible—difficult or impossible to break or separate into parts;
5. avowed—admit openly and bluntly; -make no bones about;
6. eternal—lasting for an indefinitely long period of time;
7. inspiration—arousing to a particular emotion or action;
8. abandon—forsake, leave behind;
9. immemorial—long past; beyond the limits of memory or tradition or recorded history;
10. inconspicuous—not prominent or readily noticeable;
11. parochial—narrowly restricted in outlook or scope;
12. philanthropists—someone who makes charitable donations intended to increase human well-being;

6.Raggaing-A Menace

The Supreme Court defined ragging as “Any disorderly conduct whether by words spoken or written or by an act which has the effect of teasing, treating or handling with rudeness any other student indulging in rowdy or indisciplined activities which causes or likely to cause annoyance, hardship or psychological harm or to raise fear of apprehension thereof in a fresher or a junior student or asking the students to do any act or perform something which such students will not do in the ordinary course and which has the effect of causing or generating a sense of shame or embarrassment so as to adversely affect the physique or psyche of a fresher or a junior student.”

The apex court has taken into consideration, while defining ragging, all kinds of acts faced by a fresher or a junior while being subjected to ragging by the seniors. Ragging has become a menace, cause of fear and shock, not only for a fresher but to his parents too, who are sending the loved ones for pursuing higher education by investing a lot of hard earned money. Several intellectual youths have become the victims of ragging. Some have suffered a nervous breakdown, some left the institutes after being of ragged, some have committed suicide and some were murdered by the seniors on the pretext of ragging.
The court, the authorities, the principal and all concerned, have described the ragging as a heinous practice, but what very paradoxical situation is, it still persists in spite of all the rules, regulations and ‘ directives of courts, and authorities. None could claim to have stopped it 100%. The most gruesome incidence of ragging came into light in November 1986, when Navarasu a 17 year old first year medical student of Annamalai University, Chidambaram in Tamil Nadu, was brutally, murdered by a senior named ‘David’ who was said to be a Karate expert. He killed Navarasu because he refused to submit to his whims of ragging. In August 2003, an engineering student of Engineering College Jalpaiguri in Paschim Banga was admitted to hospital after he was subjected to night long brutal ragging by his seniors. The victim was beaten up with iron rods and cycle chains for refusing to strip before the seniors. In August 2003, itself, IIT Delhi expelled five senior students for they were found indulging in ragging of a fresher who left the college after being ragged by these seniors. In the same*month a student of Pune Institute quit, just a few days after joining it, in July due to the same reason of being subjected to inhuman ragging.
The Governments, Central as well as States, have taken positive steps again to stop this practice. In 1997, the HRD Minister, Mr S R Bommai, apprised the Rajya Sabha that steps were being taken to ensure that those found guilty of ragging can be treated as guilty of gross misconduct and subsequently, the penalty of rustication or removal from the rolls of the universities could be imposed on the offenders. He also informed the house that instructions have been issued to the Universities, and Institutions and the State Governments to take stern action to curb this menace and to invoke the .provisions of law if needed. A few years ago, the Governor of Kerala, promulgated the “Kerala Prohibition of Ragging Ordinance” seeking to prohibit ragging in educational institutions in the state. The ordinance, inter alia provides dismissal of a student from the educational institution, if found indulging in acts of ragging and that student is to be further debarred from taking admission in any other educational institution for five years from the date of order of such dismissal.
The Supreme Court while dealing with a public interest litigation in 2001 said that “failure to prevent ragging by the management would mean an act of negligence in maintaining discipline in the institution”. The Principal and other authorities concerned will be liable to face action in case a student is subjected to ragging. The Supreme Court further directed that “If an institution fails to curb ragging the UGC/ funding agency may consider stoppage of financial assistance to such an institution till such time it implements the anti ragging norms”. A University , may consider disaffiliating a college or institution that fails to curb ragging, the court administered a clear warning; Though, the Supreme Court has also issued very strict and stringent guidelines to curb the menace of ragging yet a point to ponder is,why the students resort to such heinous practice, after all these so called seniors are also from decent homes and belong to the intellectual group of students of the nation.
Why do a few nesort to such socially unacceptable behavior? Why the so called seniors do not understand the problems of their own juniors and subject them to such intolerable inhuman acts?
In brief, we find that our present education system is intended to create intelligentsia, but they are absolutely lacking the moral and ethical values. We do not teach our students philanthropic and moral values. There is no place for ethics in our education. We are just teaching
them about the materialistic side of things. How only the students are to blame, for such acts? Teachers and parents are also equally responsible for the mess. Academic qualification alone is of no value. If education does not teach students to share the problems of others, to love all and to serve all, it is meaningless.
It is relevant to quote the following words of a great thinker that
If money is lost, nothing is lost.
If health is lost, something is lost.
If character is lost , everything is lost.
To stop the menace of ragging it is hut necessary to inculcate among the students the importance of good character and importance of love and affection towards their juniors and fellow beings.

Vocab-Card
1. menace—caution, intimidation, foretelling;
2. pursuing—out for, out to, in pursuance of;
3. intellectual—mental, cerebral, intelligent;
4. Victim—sufferer, scapegoat;
5. committed—dedicated, devoted, pledged;
6. paradpxical—contradictory, incomprehensible;
7. persists—perseveres, continues, keeps on;
8. whims—unreasonable ideas;
9. strip—tape, slip;
10. indulged—granted, allowed;
11. apprised—informed, sensible of;
12. guilty—condemned, sentenced, criminal;
13. debarred—penalized, sentenced, reproved;
14. assistance—help, support, compensation;
15. disaffiliating—exclude from inheritance, disown;
16. heinous—atrocious, horrendous, monstrous;
17. curb—hindrance, chain, check;
18. philanthropic—charitable, humanitarian, altruistic.

7.Necessity of an Effective Cyber Law in India

The rapid growth of information technology and the increased usage of internet in all walks of life have led to the growth of new forms of transnational crime especially the internet related crimes. The technological development, specially in the field of Information Technology, has made the transition from paper to paperless transactions a reality.

The world is now creating new standards of speed, efficiency and accuracy in communication, which has become key tools for boosting innovations, creativity and increasing overall productivity. The fast progress in the field of information technology connects the world in even faster way and has become a vital and integral part of all the business activities.
The increasing use of internet, laptops and mobiles have surely eased our lives but have lead to problems like hacking, theft of data and attacks of viruses. Security breaches are on the rise and it is quite obvious that without government intervention on rules, responsibilities and formal procedures, an information security framework can not prove effective. The new advancements throwup unprecedented functionality risks of information security. At macro level, homeland security is critical to the overall security of the entire country. Recent terror attacks and other security concerns pertaining to domestic law and order situation have prompted the Central and State Governments to focus on the modernization and up gradation of the country’s security infrastructure particularly in the cyber sector.
In simple way we can say that cyber crime is unlawful acts wherein the computer is either a tool or a target or both. Cyber crimes can involve criminal activities that are traditional in nature, such as theft, fraud, forgery, defamation and mischief, all of which are subject to the Indian Penal Code. The abuse of computers has also given birth to a gamut of new age crimes that are addressed by the Information Technology Act, 2000.
We can categorize cyber crimes in two ways
1. The Computer as a Target Using a computer to attack other computers, e.g., hacking, virus/worm attacks, DOS attack etc.
2. The Computer as a Weapon Using a computer to commit real world crimes, e.g., cyber terrorism, IPR violations, credit card frauds, EFT frauds, pornography etc.
Technological advancements have created new possibilities for criminal activities, in particular the criminal misuse of information technologies such as
(a) Unauthorized access and Hacking
(b) Trojan Attack
(c) Virus and Worm Attack
(d) E-mail and IRC related crimes These are very common crimes now-a-days
1. E-mail Spoofing E-mail spoofing refers to email that appears to have been originated from one source when it was actually sent from another source.
2. E-mail Spamming E-mail ‘spamming’ refers to sending e-mail to thousands and thousands of users-similar to a chain letter.
3. Sending Malicious Codes through E-mail E-mails are used to send viruses, Trojans etc through emails as an attachment or by sending a link of website, which on visiting, downloads malicious code.
4. E-mail Bombing E-mail ‘bombing’ is characterized by abusers repeatedly sending an identical email message to a particular address.
5. Sending threatening E-mails
6. Defamatory E-mails
7. E-mail Frauds
8. IRC Related
9. Denial of Service Attacks Flooding a computer resource with more requests than it can handle. This causes the resource to crash, thereby, denying access of service to authorized users. Hundreds or thousands of computer systems across the internet can be turned into ‘zombies’ and used to attack another system or website.
10. Pornography The literal mining of the term ‘Pornography’ is “describing or showing sexual acts in order to cause sexual excitement through books, films, etc.” This would include pornographic websites; pornographic material produced using computers and use of internet to download and transmit pornographic videos, pictures, photos, writings etc.
Cyber Law is seen as an essential component of criminal justice system all over the world. The same applies to cyber law of India as well. In the Indian context, the Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act, 2000) is the cyber law of India.. It is the exclusive law in this regard and is under the process of amendments. India has done ‘ a good job by enacting a cyber law. It is the 12th country of the world having a cyber law. It covers areas like e-governance, e-commerce, cyber contraventions and cyber offences. However, some critics and cyber law experts have questioned the strength of IT Act, 2000.
Some experts opined that the IT Act, 2000 is not effective and lacks a number of necessary provisions. For instance, we need express provisions and specified procedures to deal with issues like Denial of Service (DOS), Distributed Denial of Services (DDOS), bot, botnets, trojans, backdoors, viruses and worms, sniffers, SQL injections, buffer overflows etc. These issues cannot be left on mere luck, implied provisions or traditional penal laws of India (IPC). Even issues like cyber war against India or cyber terrorism against India have not been incorporated into the IT Act, 2000 yet.
Some of these issues are also cross-linked with capacity building requirements of India in the field of cyber security in India and cyber forensics in India. A crucial truth that India failed to appreciate is that e-governance in India is useless till we are capable of securing it as well. Without the crucial capabilities in the fields of cyber security and cyber forensics, India is heading towards a big trouble. Even the basic ‘e-mail tracking’ procedures sometimes pose as a big challenge before the law enforcement agencies in India. Interestingly, some of the legal experts have shown their support for prosecuting owners of e-mail addresses and Internet Protocol addresses relying upon ‘common law principles’ not knowing exactly the nature of the internet. .
This situation is alarming as any element of distrust for internet may lead to people avoiding doing transactions with online sites thereby directly affecting e-Commerce growth. The misuse of internet as an excellent medium of communication may in some situations lead to direct damage to physical societies. Non-imposition of taxes on online transactions may have its destructive effect on the physical businesses anS also government revenues. Terrorists may also make use of web to create conspiracies and make violence in the society.
In conclusion, we can say that computer-related, crimes have become a realty now; and these must be dealt with strictly at the earliest and necessary effective laws must be enacted with all necessary provisions. Any delay can be dangerous.

Vocab-Card
1. efficiency—competence, capability;
2. accuracy—exactness, exactitude;
3. innovations—idea, deviation, shift, variation;
4. vital—important, indispensable;
5. integral—necessary, basic;
6. obvious—perceptible, exposed;
7. intervention—interruption, interference;
8. unprecedented—novel, original, anomalous;
9. modernisation—innovation, fashion .

SSC CHSL Topic Wise Study Material – Letter Writing

June 14, 2018 by Kalyan Leave a Comment

SSC CHSL Topic Wise Study Material – Letter Writing

SSC CHSL Study Material SSC CHSL Previous Papers SSC CHSL Practice Workbook

1.Write a letter to the Municipal Corporation complaining about the lack of basic infrastructure such as street lightning in your area.

Examination Hall,
New Delhi.

31st August, 2017

The Mayor,
Municipal Corporation,
New Delhi.

Subject Complaint regarding the lack of basic infrastructure.

Dear Sir/ Ma’am,
I am a resident of Ashok Vihar and would wish to draw your attention towards the problems of our area. The street lightning in our area is one of the major concerns, Most of the lights have become dysfunctional and need immediate replacement. This makes it unsafe for us to go out during night. There have been many incidents of theft and chain snatching as the hooligans take advantage of darskness.
There are many pits and manhole in the road. Lack of proper lightning makes one more susceptible to accident. During the rainy season, these become breeding grounds for mosquitoes leading to the spread of dengue and malaria.
I request you to kindly look into the matter and get the needful done at the earliest
Thanking you,

Yours sincerely,
XYZ

2.Write a letter to the Bank Manager about the stolen ATM card and getting it blocked.

Examination Hall,
New Delhi.

31 st August, 2017

The Manager
State Bank of India,
Karol Bagh Branch,
New Delhi.

Subject Blocking the stolen ATM card

Dear Sir/ Ma’am,
This is to bring to your kind notice that I have a saving accounts in your bank for which an ATM card was also issued. The savings account number is XXXXXXXXX.
Yesterday while returning from office, my wallet got stolen and the ATM card was in it. i have launched an FIR for the same and a copy of which has been enclosed’with this letter. I request you to kindly block the ATM card at the earliest to prevent any misuse of the same.
Also, I would be grateful if you could issue me a new ATM card at the earliest.
Thanking you,

Yours sincerely,
ABC

3.Write a letter to the Bank Manager about issuing a debit card.

Examination Hall,
New Delhi.

31st August, 2017

The Manager
State Bank of India,
Karol Bagh Branch,
New Delhi.

Subject Issuing a debit card

Dear Sir/ Ma’am,
This is to bring to your kind notice that I have a saving accounts in your bank for the last five years.
I request you to kindly issue me a Debit cum ATM card for my account. This will help me to contribute to government’s digital India campaign. My account details are as under:
Name of the A/c holder : ABC
A/C number : 12347891
Thanking you in anticipation,

Yours sincerely,
ABC

4.Write a letter to the SHO of your area pointing out the rising menace of eve teasing in your area.

Examination Hall,
New Delhi.

31st August, 2017

The SHO,
Karol Bagh Police Station,
New Delhi.

Subject Complaint against rising menace of eve teasing.

Dear Sir/ Ma’am
As a resident of Karol Bagh, I have serious concerns in regard to the rising cases of eve-teasing in our area. With every passing day, the situation is turning from bad to worst. The hooligans have made the lives of females of our area miserable. They pass lewd comments and obscene remarks to the passersby. The situation is turning so grave that elderly women also fear going outside their house alone. The women are treated as objects and commented on their appearance, clothing, professions etc. Parents fear sending their daughters alone even during the day.
It is a request to kindly look into the matter, I would suggest that serious action be taken against these hooligans. They need to be taught a lesson for their actions. Police patrolling should be regular both during the day and night.
Hoping for an immediate action at the earliest.
Thanking you in anticipation,

Yours sincerely,
XYZ

5.Write a letter to the Bank Manager for closing the current account of your organisation

Examination Halt,
New Delhi.

31st August, 2017

The Manager,
Punjab National Bank,
Ashok Vihar Branch,
New Delhi.

Subject Closure of the current A/c nos. XXXXXXXXXXXX of the organisation ABC Pvt. Ltd.

Dear Sir/ Ma’am,
This is to bring to your kind notice that our organisation, ABC. Pvt. Ltd. has a current account in your bank. The account number is XXXXXXXXXXXX. This account is no longer operated by us and there are no dues against this account.
So, it is a humble request to close the account at the earliest. Please find the cheque book along with this application.
In the case of any queries, feel free to get back.
Thanking you in anticipation, (Authorised signatory)
ABC Pvt, Ltd
abc@xyz.com
011-9187212

6.Write a letter to the Bank Manager to activate online banking facilities.

Examination Hall,
New Delhi.

4th September, 2012
The Manager,
State Bank of India,
Karol Bagh Branch,
New Delhi.

Subject Activate online banking facilities

Dear Sir/ Ma’am,
This is to bring to your kind notice that I have a saving account in your bank. My account number is XXXXXXXXX.
I have a very hectic and tiring job routine due to which it takes a lot of effort from my end to every time visit the branch in person.
I would request you to kindly activate the net banking facility on the aforementioned bank account. This would be of great help to me.
Thanking you,

Yours sincerely,
ABC

7.Write a letter to the Editor of newspaper talking about child abuse in India and steps to curb the same.

Ashok Vihar,
New Delhi.

31st August, 2017

The Editor,
Times of India,
Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg,
New Delhi.

Subject Problem of child abuse and steps to curb them

Dear Sir/ Ma’am,
I would like to express my concern about the growing problem of child abuse in our country. It is disappointing to see. the children in our country are being subjected to different forms of abuse such as physical, emotional and sexual. Children aren’t safe anywhere and the worst part is that most of the abusers are family, friends or relatives. Children keep quiet out of fear or guilt and this has a detrimental effect on their overall growth. Children who have been abused may turn out to be bullies who get violent very soon.
As a society, it becomes our duty to fight this problem and make our children aware about the same.Schools, teacher and parents need to play their roles. Children need to be provided with such an atmosphere that they feel free to share their concerns. They need to be taught the concept of good and bad touch in order to safeguard them from sexual abuse.
Special workshops can be conducted at school to acquaint the children about the problem and help them open up.
We need to understand the fact that children are the future of our country and by providing them a holistic development we are safeguarding our future.
Thanking you,

Yours sincerely,
XYZ

8.Reproduce a letter that your pen friend in New York wrote to you sometime back about the Occupy Wall Street Movement.

67, Pine Walk,
New Jerssy.

10th November, 20XX

Dear friend,
I agree with you that what you are reading about Occupy Wall Street Movement is truth but it is not the whole truth. First, there is no need to entertain alarmist views of the economic slow down affecting America. The protestors are none else but those who are trying to focus attention on increasing inequality generated by croxy capitalism. The alarmist view that the protestors are out to destroy American political and economic system is baseless.
Over here we do not think of dispensing with capitalist system, though there is wide spread resentment against croxy capitalism. The point of the Occupy Wall Street revolution has been well brought round to our prolic-makers. The slogan of the Occupy Movement that we are 99 per cent is not lost upon them. What’s more, the Occupy Wall Street Movement might have died in infancy but for the thoughtless strategy of the police officials to deal with the protestors. However, on’e thing is certain tlnfat the occupy protests are not anti-capitalists. Asian countries obsessed with the philosophy of socialism would not perceive the mind set of American have nots. They are not campaigning against capitalism.
They are not just rabble rousers at Occupy Wall Street. However, one fact cannot be ignored that there is something wrong with a system, if it alfows one to grab more than one’s fair share. Too much inequality can harm the efficient operation of the economy and result in poor economic growth. Yes, there is potential threat to our capitalist system. But those protestors are not anarchists, not at all. So what you are reading in newspapers is a distorted view of our. economic crisis. There are crisis but there is no break down of economic system on capitalism. Rather these protests are a wakeup call to oust crony from captalism and restore equality and economic justice right not.
It is good to hear that you, in India, are doing well and am sure that your country is well equipped to meet with the situation.
With best wishes,

Yours sincerely,
XYZ