Computer Awareness Study Material – Programming Concepts

Computer Awareness Study Material – Programming Concepts

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It is the sequence of instructions in which the problems of computer tasks and steps are performed with the help of computer. A person who writes or performs the program is known as programmer. Programmer use is some specific languages to write program which is known as programming languages e.g. C++, Java, etc.

Programming Language
It is a set of keywords, symbols and a system of rules for constructing statements by which humans can communicate instructions to be executed by a computer.

Programming languages are mainly categorised into three parts which are as follows
Low Level Language
These programming languages are more arcane and difficult to understand. It is designed to operate and handle the entire instruction set of a computer system directly which are generally used to write the system software, e.g. Machine language and Assembly language.

Machine Language
It is the only language understood by the computers. Sometimes, it referred to as machine code or object code or binary language. It is a collection of binary digits (0 or 1) or bits that the computer reads and interprets.

Assembly Language
It is a low level programming language which is used as an interface with computer hardwares. It uses structured commands as substitutions for numbers, allowing humans to read the code easier than looking at binary codes.

Medium Level Language
It serves as the bridge between raw hardware and programming layer of a computer system. It is designed to improve the translated code before it is executed by the processor. C language is known as medium level language.

High Level Language (HLL)
It is an advanced computer programming language that is not limited to one computer, designed for a specific job and is easier to understand. The main advantage of high level languages over low level languages is that they are easier to read, write and understand, e.g. BASIC, C, FORTRAN, Java, Pascal, etc.

Some High Level Languages and Their Application Areas

Language	Year	Developer	Application Area	Nature
FORTRAN (Formula Translation)	1957	a team of programmers at IBM	Calculation	Compiled
ALGOL (Algorithmic Language)	1958	A commitee of European and American computer scientists	Scientific purpose	Compiled
LISP (List Processing)	1958	John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)	Artificial intelligence	Compiled and Interpreted
COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language)	1959	Grace Hopper	Business management, string oriented	Compiled
BASIC (Beginner’s All purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)	1964	John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz at Dartmouth college in New Hampshire	Programming for educational purpose	Interpreted
Pascal	1970	Niklaus Wirth	Education	Compiled
C	1972	Dermis Ritchie at Bell Labs	System programming	Compiled
C++	1983	Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs	System object programming	Compiled
Java	1995	J times Gosling at Sun Microsystems	Internet oriented programming	Compiled and Interpreted

Language Translator
It helps in converting programming languages to machine language.
The translated program is called the object code. Depending upon used programming languages, language translator are divided into three categories -which are as follows

Assembler
It converts a program written in assembly language into machine language. Assembly language consists of mnemonic codes, which are difficult to learn and are machine dependent.
Some basic functions of an assembler are as follows

• Replaces mnemonic codes by machine codes.
• Replaces symbolic addresses by numeric addresses.
• Determines machine representation for constants.

Interpreter
It converts a HLL program into machine language by converting it line-by-line. If there is any error in any line, it stops the execution of the program immediately and reports the user at the same time and program execution cannot resume until the error is rectified by the user. Interpreter is very useful for debugging and suitable for novice programmer. This is a slow process and consumes less memory space.

Compiler
It converts HLL program into machine language, which can be understood by the processor. For each high level language, the machine requires a separate compiler. A compiler creates a unique object program, i.e. if a source program is compiled, there is no need of that source program because output can be obtained by executing that object program (copy created by the compilation of source code). Compiler converts the entire HLL program in one go and reports all the errors of the program alongwith the line numbers.

Algorithm
It is an effective method that can be expressed within a finite amount of space and time and in a well-defined formal language for calculating a function.
The desirable features of an algorithm are

• Each step of algorithm should be simple.
• It must and in a finite number of steps.
• It should be as efficient as possible.
• It should be unambiguous in the sense that the logic should be crisp and clear.
• It should be effective, i.e. it must lead to a unique solution of the problem.

Flowchart
It is a type of diagram that represents an algorithm work flow or process, showing the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting them with arrows. Flowcharts are used in analysing, designing , documenting or managing a process or program in various fields. The two most common types of boxes in a flowchart are

• A processing step, usually called activity and denoted as a rectangular box.
• A decision, usually denoted as a diamond.

QUESTION BANK

1. Which language is CPU dependent ?

1. C
2. Assembly
3. Java
4. All except Java
5. None of these

2. Languages which can easily interact with the hardware are called

1. High level languages
2. Low level languages
3. Middle level languages
4. All of the above
5. None of the above

3. Computer language used on Internet is

1. PASCAL
2. Java
3. BASIC
4. LOGO
5. None of these

4. A computer program used for business application is

1. LOGO
2. COBOL
3. BASIC
4. FORTRAN
5. C + +

5. The language which can be relocated easily is

1. Machine language
2. Assembly language
3. Low level language
4. Middle level language
5. High level language

6. Lisp is the second oldest high level programming language. Here Lisp stands for

1. Level Program
2. Level Process
3. List Processing
4. List Program
5. None of these

7. Computer language used for calculation is

1. LOGO
2. FORTRAN
3. BASIC
4. C++
5. PASCAL

8. The language used for development of various games is

1. C
2. C++
3. JavA
4. SQL
5. FORTRAN

9. Which of the following is not characteristic of COBOL?

1. It is a very standardised language
2. It is a very efficient in terms of coding and execution
3. It had limited facilities for mathematical notation
4. It is very readable language
5. None of the above

10. A factor in the selection of source language is

1. programmer skill
2. language availability
3. program compatibility with other software
4. All of the above
5. None of the above

11. All computer execute

1. BASIC programs
2. COBOL programs
3. Machine language programs
4. FORTRAN programs
5. All of these

12. LISP is designed for

1. artificial intelligence
2. GUI
3. CUI
4. optical fibre
5. transistor

13. C language developed by Dennis Ritchie in

1. 1970
2. 1971
3. 1972
4. 1973
5. 1974

14. Main application area of ALGOL is

1. General
2. Scientific
3. Engineering
4. Commercial
5. Teaching

15. ……….. is a string oriented. 

1. SNQBOL
2. COBOL
3. PASCAL
4. PERL
5. LISP

16. Assembly language is a

1. Machine language
2. High level programming language
3. Low level programming language
4. Language for assembling computers
5. None of the above

17. Which of the following is not true about an assembler?

1. Translates instructions of assembly language in machine language
2. It translates the C program
3. It is involved in program’s execution
4. It is a translating program
5. It does not translate a Basic program

18. Compiler is the

1. name given to the computer operator
2. part of the digital machine to store the information
3. operator of boolean algebra
4. translator of source program to object code
5. part of arithmetic logic unit

19. An assembler is a

1. Programming language dependent
2. Syntax dependent
3. Machine dependent
4. data dependent
5. None of the above

20. Each model of a computer has a unique

1. Assembly of a computer
2. Machine language
3. High level language
4. All of the above
5. None of the above

21. Assembly language [IBPS Clerk 2011]

1. uses alphabetic codes in place of binary numbers used in machine language.
2. is the easiest language to write programs
3. need not be translated into machine language
4. All of the above
5. None of the above

22. ……….. are words that a programming language has set aside for its own use.  [IBPS PO 2011]

1. Control words
2. Control structures
3. Reserved words
4. Reserved keys
5. None of these

23. FORTRAN stands for [SBI Clerk 2011]

1. Formal Translation
2. Formative Translation
3. Formal Transaction
4. Formula Transaction
5. Formula Translation

24. The ………… program is used to convert mnemonic code to machine code.  [SBI Clerk 2011]

1. Debug
2. C++
3. FORTRAN
4. Assembler
5. None of these

25. Which among the following is/are interpreted language?   [SBI PO 2011]

1. C
2. C + +
3. Java
4. Visual Basic
5. Both ‘3’ and ‘4’

26. The function of an assembler is  [IBPS PO 2011]

1. To convert basic language into machine language
2. To convert high level language into machine language
3. To convert assembly language into machine language
4. To convert assembly language into low level language
5. None of the above

27. Which of the following is not a computer language ?    [SBI Clerk 2012]

1. High level language
2. Machine language
3. Low level language
4. Medium level language
5. None of these

28. Translator program used in assembly language is called   [SBI Clerk 2012]

1. compiler
2. interpreter
3. translation
4. translator
5. assembler

29. ………. is a cross between human language and a programming language.

1. Pseudocode [IBPS PO 2012]
2. Java
3. The Java virtual machine
4. The compiler
5. None of the above

30. Which of the following is a programming language for creating special programs like Applets? [IBPS Clerk 2012]

1. Java
2. Cable
3. Domain name
4. Net
5. COBOL

31. C++ language developed by [IBPS Clerk 2012]

1. Dennis Ritchie
2. Charles Babbage
3. Niklaus Wirth
4. Bjarne Stroustroup
5. John McCharthy

32. A set of rules for telling the computer what operations to perform is called a   [IBPS PO 2012]

1. Procedural language
2. Structures
3. Natural language
4. Command language
5. Programming language

33. What does CO stands in COBOL? [IBPS Clerk 2012]

1. Common Object
2. Common Oriented
3. Common Operating
4. Computer Oriented
5. None of the above

34. Compiling creates a (n) [RBI Grade B 2012]

1. Error-free program
2. Program specification
3. Subroutine
4. Algorithm
5. Executable program

35. Machine language [SBI PO 2013]

1. is the language in which programs were first written
2. is the only language understo .d by the computer
3. differs from one type of computer to another
4. All of the above
5. None of the above

36. In programming, repeating some statements is usually called       [SSC CGL 2013]

1. Looping
2. Control structure
3. Compiling
4. Structure

37. A(n)………. program is one that is ready to nm and does not need to be altered in any way. [IBPS Clerk 2013]

1. Interpreter
2. High level
3. Compiler
4. COBOL
5. Executable

38. …………. is a written description of a computer program’s functions.      [SBI PO 2014]

1. Explanatory instructions
2. Graphical user interface
3. Plug and play
4. README files
5. Documentation

39. Which of the following is not a computer language ?       [SBI PO 2014]

1. BASIC
2. COBOL
3. LOTUS
4. FORTRAN
5. None of the above

40. Java is referred to as a (n) [SBI PO 2014]

1. High level language
2. Complex language
3. Hardware device driver
4. Low level language
5. Programming mid level language

41. Which of the following contains specific rules and words that express the logical steps of an algorithm?  [IBPS Clerk 2014]

1. Programming language
2. Syntax
3. Programming structure
4. Logical chart
5. flow chart

42. Computer program are written in a high level programming language, however the human readable version of a program is called              [IBPS PO 2015]

1. Word size
2. Source code
3. Instruction set
4. Application
5. Hard drive

43. The instructions that tell a computer how to carry out the processing tasks are referred to as computer          [IBPS PO 2015]

1. Programs
2. Processors
3. Input devices
4. Memory modules
5. None of the above

44. C, BASIC, COBOL and Java are examples of …………… languages.            [IBPS Clerk 2015]

1. Low-level
2. Computer
3. System programming
4. High level
5. None of the above

45. A set of step-by-step procedures for accomplishing a task is known as a(n) [IBPS Clerk 2015]

1. Algorithm
2. Hardware program
3. Software
4. Firmware program
5. None of the above

46. In Computer programming there is set of subroutine definitions, protocols and tools for building software and applications. Which among the following is a term for sets of requirements that govern how one application can talk to another?

1. UPS
2. API
3. CGI
4. J2EE
5. OLE

47. The use of combination of l’s and 0’s is feature of which of the following type of Computer Language?  [IBPS PO 2016]

1. High Level Language
2. PASCAL
3. Machine Language
4. C
5. COBOL

ANSWERS