SSC CHSL Topic Wise Study Material - General Intelligence - Drawing Inferences

SSC CHSL Topic Wise Study Material – General Intelligence – Drawing Inferences

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SSC CHSL Study Material SSC CHSL Previous Papers SSC CHSL Practice Workbook

Drawing Inferences refers to information that is implied or inferred, which means that the information is never clearly stated. In this section of logical reasoning, the question consists one or two statement/s followed by certain inferences based on it. For a brief understanding we can divide drawing inferences in two types.
1. Statement and Conclusion
2. Syllogism

Statement and Conclusion
Conclusion is a fact that can be truly inferred from the contents of a given sentence. This type of questions consist of a statement or a set of statements, followed by certain inference(s) based on the facts of statements. Here, candidates are required to approach the questions with solutions from different angles. This approach basically emphasizes the need for being more systematic and logical in drawing inferences. Therefore, consequent effect of a statement has to be analysed before reaching the correct conclusion.
While solving the questions asked from this chapter, we should keep these important points in our mind
• Read the statement and conclusion carefully.
• The presence of words like although, inspite of, because of, despite of, favours to a valid conclusion.
• A conclusion can be valid which is directly related with context to the given statement.
• A conclusion can be valid if seems with positive action context to the given statement.
• A conclusion can be valid if seems easy to derived from the given statement.
• A conclusion can not be valid which consists any of hard condition, such as only, best, definitely, certainly, strongest, all.
Following types of questions are asked under statement and conclusions

Based on Two Conclusions
In this type of questions, one statement and two conclusions are. given. We have to analyse that which conclusion(s) appropriately support the sentence.
Example Statement Uneducated people are exploited by others in the society. ssc (10+2)2012
Conclusions
I. People take advantage of uneducated people only.
II. Educated people exploit uneducated persons in society.
(a) Only Conclusion I follows
(b) Only Conclusion II follows
(c) Both Conclusions I and II follow
(d) Neither Conclusion I nor II follows
Answer:
(d) According the statement, neither Conclusion I nor II follows.

Syllogism
Syllogism is a ‘Greek’ word that means ‘inference’ or ‘deduction’. As such inferences are based on logic, then these inferences are called logical deduction. These deductions are based on one or more premises. (Propositions) The main motive of asking these types of questions is to examine the capability of students to think logically on the basis of assumption and to interprete the diagram by understanding the statements and conclusions.

Questions asked from this chapter can be solved with the help of two methods which are as
1. Coding Method In this method we can give codes to the conditions as
All ->A, Some -> I, No -> E, Some not -> O
To know all these codes we have to go through the processor of coading method, which is as follow

2. Venn Diagram Method In this method we have to create the separate diagram for each and every statement and then comprise all the diagrams to a single diagram and then evaluate the conclusion on the basis of give statements.
Note Never use more than one diagram for simple ease.
Steps of Syllogism

Best to Know

Through this diagram we can consider some conclusions with the inward and outward flow. As inward flow shows the relation towards some cases and outward flow shows the relation towards both some and all cases. So, we can conclude some possible conclusions with the help of above diagram.
Inflow
Some D are A
Some D are B
Some D are C
Some C are A
Some C are B
Some B are A

Outflow
All A are B
All B are C
All C are D
All A are C
All A are D
All B are D
Some A are B
Some A are C
Some A are D
Some B are C
Some B are D
Some C are D

Either or Case
When, within two conclusions nothing seems to be definite, then we use the concept of either or within- them. Some of the basic concepts are to know about either or case.
• Subject (first term) and predicate (last term) should be same.
• One conclusion should be – positive/affirmative and another should be negative.
• In both of the conclusion nothing should be definite.

Conversion and Derivation
All -> All (Conversion)
All -> Some (Derivation)
Some -> Some (Conversion)
No -> No (Conversion)
No -> Some not (Derivation)
No -> All Not (Conversion)
Following types of questions covered in this chapter are as follows

Two Statements and Two Conclusions
In this type of questions, two statements and two conclusions are given. The candidate is required to check the validity of the given conclusions on the basis of the given statements.
Example Statements
All crows are black. SSC (10+ 2) 2012
Some black things are beautiful.
Conclusions
I. Some crows are beautiful.
II. Some beautiful things are black.
(a) Only Conclusion I follows
(b) Only Conclusion II follows
(c) Both Conclusions I and II follow
(d) Neither Conclusion I nor II follows
Answer:

Reference Corner

1. Which conclusion is true with respect to the given statements? SSC (10 + 2) 2014
Statements Anand is an artist.
Artists are beautiful.
Conclusions
(a) Anand is not beautiful
(b) Beautiful persons are not artists
(c) All beautiful persons are artists
(d) Anand is beautiful
Answer:

3. Which conclusion is true with respect to the given statements? SSC (10+2) 2014
Statements Anand is an artist.
Artists are beautiful.
Conclusions
(a) Anand is not beautiful
(b) Beautiful persons are not artists
(c) All beautiful persons are artists
(d) Anand is beautiful
Answer:

Directions (Q. Nos. 4 and 5) Three statements are given followed by two/four Conclusions I,II,III and IV. You have to consider the three statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. You have to decide which of the given conclusions, if any, follow from the given statements. SSC (10 + 2) 2014

4. Statements All clerks are superintendents. All superintendents are managers. All managers are supervisors.
Conclusions
I. All supervisors are clerks.
II. Some clerks are supervisors.
III. Some managers are clerks.
IV. All superintendents are Clerks.
(a) Only Conclusion I
(b) Only Conclusion II
(c) Only Conclusion III
(d) Only Conclusion IV
Answer:

5. Statements Rabindranath Tagore wrote many poems.
Every poet has aesthetic knowledge. Aesthetic is a part of axiological study. SSC (10 + 2) 2014
Conclusions
I. Rabindranath Tagore did different axiological study.
II. He followed the base of logic and ethics.
(a) Only Conclusion I
(b) Both Conclusions I and II
(c) Only Conclusion II
(d) None of these
Answer:
(d) None of the conclusion can be drawn from the given statements.

6. One statement is given, followed by two conclusions I and II. You have to consider the statement to be true, even if it seems to be at variance from commonly known facts. You have to decide which of the given conclusions, if any, follow from the given statement. Indicate your answer.
SSC (10 + 2) 2013
Statement Medals axe awards.
Conclusions I. All awards are not medals.
II. All medals received are called awards.
(a) Only Conclusion I follows
(b) Only Conclusion II follows
(c) Both Conclusions I and II follow
(d) Neither Conclusion I nor II follows
Answer:
(b) I. All awards are not medals.
II. All medals received are called awards.
So, only Conclusion II follows.

Directions (Q. NOS. 7 and 8) Two statements are given followed by two conclusions I and II. You have to consider the statements/inferences to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. You are to decide which of the given conclusions, if any, follow from the given statements. Indicate your answer. ssc ( 1o+2) 2013

7. Statements Some chairs are made up of wood. Some tables are made up of wood.
Inferences
I. All wooden things are either chairs or tables.
II. Some chairs are tables.
(a) Only inference I follows
(b) Only inference II follows
(c) Both inferences I and II follow
(d) None of the inference follows
Answer:

8. Statements For protection of Indian museums Central Government is responsible. Victoria Memorial Hall is national property.
Conclusions
I. Indian museum is national property.
II. Historical property of nation is protected by the Central Government.
(a) Only Conclusion I follows
(b) Only Conclusion II follows
(c) Both Conclusions I and II follow
(d) None of the conclusion follows
Answer:
(d)

Practice Exercise

Directions (Q. NOS. 1-10) In each of the following questions, a statement/group of statements is given followed by some conclusions. Without resolving anything yourself, choose the conclusion which logically follows from the given statement(s).

1. Statements All students in my class are bright.
Manish is not bright.
Conclusions
(a) Some students are not bright
(b) Manish must work hard
(c) Non-bright ones are not students
(d) Manish is not a student of my class

2. Statement Most dresses in that shop are expensive.
Conclusions
(a) There are no cheap dresses available in that shop
(b) Hand loom dresses in that shop are cheap
(c) There are cheap dresses also in that shop
(d) Some dresses in that shop are expensive

3. Statement Ministers arrived at the public function in their cars.
Conclusions I. All ministers are rich.
II. Ministers have cars.
III. Ministers came to the public function.
The conclusion(s) correctly drawn is/are
(a) Only I
(b) I and III
(c) I and II
(d) II and III

4. Statement Many creative persons become artists.
Conclusions
(a) A creative person will certainly become an artist
(b) It is not possible to become an artist without creativity
(c) A high level of creativity is needed to become an artist
(d) Some artists are creative persons

5. Statement All beggars are poor.
Conclusions
(a) If A is beggar, then A is not rich
(b) if A is not rich, then A is not a beggar
(c) All those who are poor are beggars
(d) If A is rich, then A is not a beggar

6. Statement That person has a child, therefore, he is a father.
Conclusions
(a) Some who have children are fathers
(b) Some fathers have children
(c) All fathers have children
(d) All those who have children are fathers

7. Statement Ram is cunning because he is a leader.
Conclusions
(a) Only leader is cunning
(b) All leaders are cunning
(c) All cunning are leaders
(d) No leader is cunning

8. Statement He is lucky because he has won lottery.
Conclusions
(a) All those who win lottery are lucky
(b) Only those who win lottery are lucky
(c) All lucky persons win lottery
(d) Some lucky persons have won lottery

9. Statement He possesses wealth, therefore he is rich.
Conclusions
(a) One who possesses wealth is rich
(b) All rich persons have wealth
(c) Some rich persons have wealth
(d) One who possesses wealth is called rich person

10. Statement Birds can fly as they have feathers.
Conclusions
(a) All those who have feathers can fly
(b) All those who can fly have feathers
(c) Some who can fly have feathers
(d) Some who have feathers can fly

Directions (Q. NOS. 11-17) In each question below is given a statement followed by two Conclusions I and II. You have to assume everything in the statement to be true, then consider the two conclusions together and decide which of them logically follows beyond a reasonable doubt from the information given in the statement.

Give Answer
(a) Only Conclusion I follows
(b) Only Conclusion II follows
(c) Neither Conclusion I nor II follows
(d) Both Conclusions I and II follow

11. Statement Vegetable prices are soaring in the market.
Conclusions
I. Vegetables are becoming a rare commodity.
II. People cannot eat vegetables.

12. Statement Fortune favours the brave.
Conclusions
I. Risks are necessary for success.
II. – Cowards die many times before their death.

13. Statement The manager humiliated Sachin in the presence of his colleagues.
Conclusions
I. The manager did not like Sachin.
II. Sachin was not popular with his colleagues

14. Statement Adversity makes a man wise.
Conclusions
I. The poor are wise.
II. Man learns from bitter experience.

15. Statement Parents are prepared to pay any price for an elite education to their children.
Conclusions
I. All parents these days are very well off.
II. Parents have an obsessive passion for a perfect development of their children through good schooling.

16. Statement Morning walks are good for health.
Conclusions
I. All healthy people go for morning walks.
II. Evening walks are harmful.

17. Statement This book ‘Z’ is the only book which focuses its attention to the problem of poverty in India between 1950 and 1980.
Conclusions
I. There was no question of poverty before 1950.
II. No other book deals with poverty in India during 1950 to 1980.

Directions (Q. Nos. 18-27) In each questions below are three statements followed by two Conclusions I and II. You have to take the three given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the three statements disregarding commonly known facts.

Given Answer
(a) Only Conclusion I follows
(b) Only Conclusion II follows
(c) Neither Conclusion I nor II follows
(d) Both Conclusions I and II follow

18. Statements Some trees are boxes. All boxes are bricks. All bricks are dogs.
Conclusions I. Some dogs are trees.
II. Some bricks are trees.

19. Statements All tables, are windows. All windows are rooms. All rooms are buses.
Conclusions
I. Some buses are tables.
II. Some rooms are tables.

20. Statements All pots are rings. All bangles are rings. All rings are paints.
Conclusions I. Some paints are pots.
II. Some bangles are paints.

21. Statements Some forests are huts. Some huts are walls. Some walls are nets.
Conclusions I. Some nets are forests.
II. Some nets are huts.

22. Statements All goats are flowers. No flower is branch. Some branches are roots.
Conclusions
I. Some roots are goats.
II. Some flowers are goats.

23. Statements Some leaves are roots. Some roots are stems. All flowers are stems.
Conclusions
I. No flower is a leaf.
II. Some leaves are stems.

24. Statements All numbers are digits. All alphabets are numbers. All words are alphabets.
Conclusions
I. All words are digits.
II. Some numbers are not words.

25. Statements Some pins are forks. All forks are keys. No key is lock.
Conclusions I. Some locks are pins.
II. No lock is a fork.

26. Statements Some buildings are sofas. Some sofas are benches. Some benches are tables.
Conclusions
I. Some tables are sofas.
II. No table is building.

27. Statements All benches are cots. No cot is lamp. Some lamps are candles.
Conclusions
I. Some cots are benches.
II. Some candles are cots.

Directions (Q. Nos. 28-35) In each of the questions below are given three statements followed by three Conclusion I, II and III. You have to take the given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. Read all the Conclusions and then decide which of the given Conclusions logically follows from the given statements disregarding commonly known facts.

28. Statements All flowers are trees. Some trees are houses. All houses are wheels.
Conclusions
I. Some wheels are trees.
II. Some trees are flowers.
III. Some wheels are flowers.
(a) I and II follow
(b) I and III follow
(c) II and III follow
(d) All follow

29. Statements All rooms are hotels. All hotels are buildings. All buildings are mountains.
Conclusions
I. Some mountains are hotel.
II. Some buildings are rooms.
III. Some mountains are rooms.
(a) I and II follow
(b) I and III follow
(c) II and III follow
(d) All follow

30. Statements All rats are cats. No cow is cat. All dogs are cows.
Conclusions
I. No dog is rat.
II. No dog is cat.
III. No cow is cat.
(a) None follows
(b) All follow
(c) I and II follow
(d) II and III follow

31. Statements Some radios are telephones. All telephones are mirrors. All mirrors are desks.
Conclusions
I. Some radios are desks.
II. Some radios are mirrors.
III. Some desks are telephones.
(a) I and II follow
(b) I and III follow
(c) II and III follow
(d) All follow

32. Statements Some books are trees. All trees are roads. All roads are wheels.
Conclusions
I. Some wheels are books.
II. Some roads are books.
III. Some wheels are trees.
(a) I and II follow
(b) II and III follow
(c) I and III follow
(d) All follow

33. Statements Some bags are plates. Some plates are chairs. All chairs are tables.
Conclusions I. Some tables are plates.
II. Some chairs are bags.
III. No chair is bag.
(a) Only I follows
(b) Either II or III follows
(c) Only I and either II or III follow
(d) Only III follows

34. Statements All machines are crowns. All crowns are tablets. Some tablets are bottles.
Conclusions
I. Some bottles are crowns.
II. Some tablets are machines.
III. Some bottles are machines.
(a) Only I follows
(b) Only II follows
(c) Only III follows
(d) II and III follow

35. Statements Some pots are buckets. All buckets are tubes. All tubes are drums.
Conclusions I. Some drums are pots.
II. All tubs are buckets.
III. Some drums are buckets.
(a) I and II follow
(b) I and in follow
(c) II and III follow
(d) All follow