Campus Recruitment – Logical Reasoning – Alphabet Test

Concepts

In Alphabet Test questions, some words are given where you have to arrange them in the dictionary order and then state which word will come in the desired place. There are 5 types of problems in alphabet test. They are,
1) Alphabetical order of words
2) Letter-Word Problems
3) Rule-Detection
4) Alphabetical Quibble
5) Word Formation
Let us discuss all the above types.

1) Alphabetical order of words: To solve these type of problems, you should have basic knowledge of dictionary order or alphabetical order of the words and their usage. Some words are given below which are arranged in the dictionary order (or) alphabetical order.

Arrangement of the words in Alphabetical order:
Step-1: Consider all the given words. Observe the first letter of each word and then arrange the words according to first letter like as they appear in the dictionary.
Example: Apple, Shop, Royal, Forest, Tour.
The first letters of these words are A, S, R, F, T. Alphabetical or dictionary order of these words is A, F, R, S, T.
So, the correct alphabetical order of these words is : Apple, Forest, Royal, Shop, Tour.
Step-2: If two or more words begin with the same letter, then arrange them in the order of 2nd letters in the English alphabet.
Example:Arrange the below words in dictionary order. Dress, Door, Function, Hall, Wedding.
The words Dress and Door have their first letter D.
So, you have to consider their second letters i.e. r and o. In the dictionary order ‘o’ comes before ‘r’. Hence the word Door comes before the word Dress.
Hence, the correct order of given words is Door, Dress, Function, Hall, Wedding.
Step-3: If both the 1st and 2nd letters of two or more words are same, then consider third letter and so on.

2) Letter-Word Problems: In this type of problems, one word is given, the candidate is required to find the number of pairs of letters from the word which has as many letters between them as in the English alphabet.
Example: How many pairs of letters are there in the word ‘ABSENT’ which have as many letters between them in the word as in the English alphabet?
Explanation: Clearly, such pair is A and B. In the word ABSENT there are no letters between A and B.
In alphabets also A and B has no letters between them. So, the number of pairs is only one.

3) Rule-Detection: In this type of problems, a rule is given followed by a series, you have to find out the word which follows the given rule. .
Example: Number of letters skipped in between adjacent letters in the series are increased by one. Which of the following alternative observes this rule ?
a) IJKOT b) HJMQT c) DFIJK
d) KMPTY e) None of these
Explanation: Considering the given options. From option-d, we have, the letters skipped between adjacent letters in the series are increased by 1. i.e.

4) Alphabetical Quibble: In this type of questions, the alphabets from A to Z are given. The position of a particular letter is given in the form of a puzzle. And you have to find the required letter accordingly. Some times it is also required to find out how many occurrences of a particular letter satisfies the given condition in the series.
Example: In the below given series of letters, which letter is 7th to the right of 13th letter from your left ?
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Explanation.: Counting from left (i.e. from A to its right), 13th letter is M. Now count from M towards right, the 7th letter is T.

Example: If the series given in above example is arranged in reverse order, which letter will be 8th letter to .the left of 7th letter counting from the right end?
Explanation: The reverse of the above series is,
ZYXWVUTSRQPONMLK JIHGFEDCBA.
Now, 7th letter from right end is G. And 8th letter to the left of G is O.

5)Word Formation: In this type of questions, one word is given along with some rules. You are required to find out the number of meaningful words from the given word following the rules given in the question.
Example: A meaningful word is formed by taking 1st, 4th, 5th, 7th, 10th, 11th, 12th letters of the word ‘FELICITATIONS’. Which of the following will be the 5th letter of that word from the right end?
a) C b) N c) C d) I e) None of these
Explanation: The 1st, 4th, 5th, 7th, 10th,11th and 12th letters of the word are F, I, C, T, I, O, N respectively. The meaningful word formed is FICTION. The fifth letter from the right is C.

Conceptual Examples

1) If the first four words in the sentence, “we wont wash windows with water” are arranged in the alphabetical order, what is second word from right end in those four words?
a) we b) wash c) wont d) windows e) with
Explanation: Alphabetical order of the first four words is wash, we, windows, wont. The second word from right in that order is windows. So, option-d is correct choice.

2) Which of the following word will be in the middle when arranged in alphabetical order.
a) Amphibian b) Amorphous c) Ambidextrous
d) Ambiguous e) Ambivalent
Explanation: Alphabetical order of given words is, Ambidextrous, Ambiguous, Ambivalent, Amorphous, Amphibian. Hence, the middle word is Ambivalent.

3) Choose the alternative among the four options that is the correct alphabetical order of the following words.
(1) Clever (2) Clay (3) Carpenter (4) Correspondent (5) Cement
a) 5,3,2,1,4 b) 3,5,2,1,4 c) 3,5,1,2,4 d) 3,5,1,4,2
Explanation: Alphabetical order of the given words is: Carpenter, Cement, Clay, Clever, Correspondent. (3,5,2,1,4)

4) How many pairs of letters are there in the word ‘ADEQUATELY’ which have as many letters between them in the word as in the English alphabet? .
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) No such pairs exist
Explanation:

Hence, the number of pairs are 3.

5) How many letters are there in the word ‘CREATION’ which have as many letters between them in the word as in the English alphabet.
a) 2 b) 1 c) 4 d) 6 e) 3
Explanations:

Hence, the number of pairs are only 2.

6) How many independent meaningful words can be formed from the word ‘LAPAROSCOPY’ without changing the order of the letters and using each letter only once?
a) 2 b) 4 c) 1 d) 5 e) 3
Explanation: The meaningful words formed are LAP and COPY = 2 words.

7) Number of letters skipped between adjacent letters in the series are in the order of 2, 5, 7, 10. Which of the following series observes the rule given above?
a) FNKOU b) TLGDC c) QTZHS
d) SYBEP e) None of these
Explanation: From option-c, Q(RS)T(UVWXY)Z(ABCDEFG)H(IJKLMNOPQR)S.

8) Choose the series in which the letters are skipped between adjacent letters is in decreasing order.
a) XMZLM b) HNWSA c) NSXCH
d) AGMVR e) SYDHK
Explanation:

The series which follows the given rule is SYDHK.

9) In the following series, count each N which is immediately followed by X but X is not immediately followed by T. How many such N’s are there? NXNTQMNXTMXNXCNQMNXQNXTX N AMXNM
a) 4 b) 2 c) 6 d) 3 e) 1

Hence, the number of N’s are 3.

10) Which two neighbors in the given sequence are farthest in the alphabetical order? HDYSMWNBQPOCRTBLZVE
a) C, Q b) F, W c) D, Y d) Q, E e) None of these
Explanation: Let us verify from options.
Option-a: Between C and Q, there are 14 letters in alphabetical order. Similarly,
Option-b: F-W = 17 letters. Option-c: D-Y = 21 letters. Option-d: Q-E = 12 letters.
D and Y are separated by maximum number of letters.

11) Choose one word out of the given alternatively which cannot be formed from the letters of the word REASONABLE.
a) BONES b) NOBLE c) ARSON d) BRAIN e) None
Explanation: Except the word BRAIN, all the words can be formed from the given word.

12) Which word can be formed from the following letters -a a d e f g r s u.
a) Stagnation b) Safeguard c) Pseudo grade
d) grand son e) None of these
Explanation: The word formed is ‘safeguard’.

Exercise

Directions (1-2): Arrange the following words in the dictionary order and choose the correct option.

1) 1. Plenty 2. Plane 3. Player 4. Place 5. Plain
a) 4, 5, 3, 2,1 b) 4,1, 3, 2, 5 c) 4, 5, 2, 3,1
d) 1, 4, 5, 3, 2 e) 4,1, 3, 5, 2

2) 1. Luxury 2. Laxmi 3. Laxity 4. Luxuriant 5. Laziness
a) 2, 3,1, 4, 5 b) 3, 2, 5, 4,1 c) 3, 2, 5,1, 4
d) 3, 2, 1,4, 5 e) 2, 3, 4,1, 5

3) Find the word which appears in the middle after arranging the given words in dictionary order ?
a) ramification b) recapitulate c) recalcitrant
d) refutation e) rejuvenate

4) Choose the word which appears second from the right end of the given words after arranging them in dictionary order.
a) wrinkle b) wriggle c) writhe d) wretch e) wrath

5) How many pairs of letters the word ‘SUCCESS’ have as many letters between them in the word as in the English alphabet.
a) 1 b) 3 c) 2 d) 5 e) 4

6) How many pairs of letters are there in the word ‘EXCHANGE’ which has as many letters between them in the word as in the alphabet.
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e)>4

7) From the word ‘ASTOUNDER’, how many independent words can be made without changing the order of the letters and using each letter only once?
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3 e)4

8) Which letter will be fifth from the right if the 1st and 2nd, 3rd and 4th letters and so on are interchanged in the word COMPANIONATE?
a) A b) I c) N d) O e) None

9) Number of letters skipped between adjacent letters in the series is in the order of 1², 2², 3². Which of the following series follows that rule ?
a) CEJT b) ECLO c) EGLP d)RTWZ e)PQRZ

10) Number of letters skipped in between adjacent letters in series is two. Which on of the following alternatives observes this rule?
a) CHIZ b) FILO c) YACD d) LMOR e) None

11) In which of the following letter sequences, there is a letter leaving two alphabets in order, after the letters at odd positions and leaving one alphabet in order after the letters at even numbered positions?
a) ADFIKN b) BEGJLN c) CFHKLO
d) DFIKNP e) ABCDE

12 to 16 questions are based on the following series. ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQ RSTUVWXYZ

12) If every alternate letter starting from E is deleted from the given alphabet, which of the following will be tenth letter from the right end?
a) F b) N c) H d) T e) J

13) Which letter should be 10th letter to the left of 11th letter from the right, if the first half of the given alphabets are reversed?
a) G b) F c) N d)J e) H

14) If the lsl and 2nd letters interchange their positions and similarly 3rd and 4th letters, 5th and 6th letters and so on, which letter will be 16th from your left?
a) P b) R c) Q d) O e) N

15) If every even letter beginning from B is replaced by odd number beginning with 3, which letter/ number will be 3rd to the left of 9th number/letter from right?
a) U b) 15 c) O d) 21 e) 13

16) In the given alphabet, starting from the 5th letter form the left, if twelve letters are written in reverse order, then which letter will be 9th to the right of the 16th letter from the left?
a) X b) N c) M d) Y e) T

Directions(17-19): In the following questions, a group of letters are given which are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. From the given five options select the sequence of numbers, such that if the letters are arranged in that order will form a meaningful word.

17)
I C A N O T
1  2 3 4 5 6
a) 1,2,4,5,3,6 b) 6,5,3,2,4,1 c) 3,2,6,1,5,4
d) 4,5,6,3,2,1 e) 3,2,6,4,5,1

18)
H M I U T R P
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
a) 4,5,3,7,6,2,1 b) 5,6,3,4,2,7,1 c) 5,3,2,6,1,7,4
d) 4,3,5,7,64,2 e) 5,2,64,4,7,3

19)
E T R M H O
1 2 3 4 5 6
a) 4,6,2,54,3 b) 34,2,5,4,6 c) 4,6,2,1,3,5
d) 4,24,3,5,6 e) 3,2,1,5,6,4

20) Choose the meaningful word that can be formed from the following letters. biinosstttuu
a) stinsubtutio b) tutionbusist c) tuitionsistub
d) substitution e) substations

21) If it is possible to make a meaningful word out of the 2nd, 4th, 5th and 8th letters of the word ‘ILLOGICAL’ then which of the following will be the third letter of the so formed word? If more than one word can be formed, then given X as your answer. If no meaningful word can be formed, then give Z as your answer.
a) A b) G c) O d) X e) Z

Explanations

Campus Recruitment – Logical Reasoning – Analogy – Classification

Concepts

Analogy is comparison between things which have similar features (i.e. similarity or correspondence).
Analogy plays a significant role in problem solving such as creativity, memory, perception, emotion, decision making, explanation and communication.

Types of Analogy: Analogy questions are two types.
They are, a) Number Analogy,
b) Alphabet Analogy.
Analogy involve critical thinking and involve little bit of secret language. In this type of problems, a rule or a logic will lie behind the given items, based on that the candidate is required to find the similar item/pair.
A simple analogy is as follows.
Word-1: Word-2 :: Word-3 : Word-4
Here “:” reads as “is to” and “::”reads “as”.

Steps for Analogy problem solving:
Step-1: Observe the first pair of given analogy, then find out the relation between them. Be sure to look all parts of the relationship between them.
Step-2: Once you found the correct relationship between the first analogy pair, then apply the same relation to given options. If any of the option pair has the same relation as first pair then that option is the required answer. If more than one option has same relation as the first pair, then find out some other relationship between the first pair and apply it to the options.

a) Number Analogy: In this type of analogy, you are required to find similar pair or single number based hidden relation in then given pair(s).
Examples: 1) 2 : 7 :: 5 : ?
a) 15 b) 16 c)18 d) 20 e) 19
Explanation:
The relation between 2 and 7 is, 2 x 3 +1=7.
5 x 3 + l = 16 is the answer.

2) 3 : 28 : : ?
a) 2: 9 b) 3: 29 c) 4: 64 d) 5:125 e) none of these
Explanation: Here only 1st pair is given, we have to find the 2nd analogy pair.
The relation between 1st pair is : 3-> 3³+1= 28.
From option-a, 2-> 2³+ 1 = 9.

b)Alphabet Analogy: In this method, a group of alphabet pairs or an individual alphabet will be given. You need to find out the similar relationship from the options which correctly matches to the question analogy pair.
Examples: 1) A : E : : T : ?
Explanation: The relation in the first pair is A + 4 = E. In the same way T+4 = X.

2) KP : LO : : BY : ?
Explanation: In first pair K, P are opposite letters.
L is next to K. Opposite of L is O.
In the same way, letter next to B is C. Opposite letter of C is X. Answer is CX.

3) ABC : GHI:: MNO : ?
Explanation: In the first pair, the last letter of the first part is C and the first letter of the 2nd part is G. The relation between C and G is C + 4 = G.
In the same way, in the second pair, last letter of the first part (MNO) is O. So, O + 4 = S.
Hence, answer is ‘STU’.

Complex Expressions: Sometimes the hidden relation between the given numbers could be any complex expression. For example, 6 : 19 : : 8 : ?
a) 34 b) 30 c) 38 d) 33 e) 39
Explanation: The hidden relation in the first pair is

Conceptual Examples

Exercise

1) 8: 56 :: 13 : ?
a) 153 b) 158 c) 155 d) 156 e)none

2) 3: 64 :: ?
a) 2:8 b)6:343 c)1:62 d) 18 : 528 e) 64 : 4

3) 2 : 7 :: 11: ?
a) 20 b) 21 c) 19 d) 23 e) 29

4) 4673 : 2451 :: 8346 : ?
a) 5264 b) 4236 c) 7346 d) 6124 e) 8312

5)4/5:41::3/5?
а) 40 b) 14 c) 24
d)30 e)34

б) MAN : 82 :: CAT: ?
a) 28 b) 40 c) 42 d) 82 e) 24

7) LOGIC : BHFNK :: CLERK : ?
a) ABCDF b) LJPQT c) JQDKB
d) ZTMBS e) None of these

8) If ‘ELNZ’ is related to ‘GNPB’ in the same way ‘STOP’ is related to?
a) POTS b) OPST c) UVQR
d) VUQR e) RQUV

9) If ‘HIGH’ is related to ‘HGIH’ in the same way
’SCHOOL’ is related to __?
a) LOHOCS b) SCHOOL c) LHOOCS
d) LOOHCS e) None of these

10) If ‘NSPL’ is related to ‘ORQK’ in the same way
BSNL is related to__ ?
a) PHONE b) CROK c) CSOK
d) KOSC e) None

11) 8 : 81:: 9 : ?
a) 102 b) 19 c) 100 d) 90 e) 92

12) Given set: (641, 507, 715)
a) (371, 237 , 823) b) (372, 238, 824)
c) (471, 328, 842) d) (237, 237, 823)
e) (864, 928 ., 203)

13) Given set: (16, 8,14)
a) (3, 6,10) b) (8, 12,16) c) (18, 20,1)
d) (17,18) e) (13 l, 16,10)

14) 6:108: : ?
a) 7:343 b) 8: 258 c) 5:128
d) 12:864 e) 11 : 121

15) 9 : 648 : ; ?
a) 6:216 b) 11 : 1210 c) 7:336
d) 8:256 e) 1: 3

16) 16 : 27: : 9: ?
a) 8 b) 18 c) 20 d) 14 e) 17

17) 17: 54 : : 1: ?
a) 7 b) 8 c) 6 d) 15 e) 17

18) 22:12: :108 : ?
a) 50 b) 56 c) 42 d) 55 e) 46

19) 853 : 392 :: 866 : ?
a) 291 b) 873 c) 874,. d) 185 e) 132

20) 5 :33 :: 9:?
a) 91 b) 92 c) 96 d) 95 e) 97

21) 574 : 82 1:: 63 : ?
a) 8 b) 7 c) 9 d) 17 e) 27

22) 10 : 7 :: : 32: ?
a) 19 b) 18 c) 20 d) 22 e) 16

23) 27:65: :: 64: ?
a) 125 b) 124 c) 126 d) 128 e) 129

Explanations

Campus Recruitment – Logical Reasoning – Series

Concepts

Number Series

In number series questions, a series of numbers is given with one term missing. You need to identify the pattern and find the next number or the missing number. Any number series is formed by the combination of operator and operand. Operators are +, x, ÷. Operand is the factor between two numbers in the sequence.

Example: 3, 7,11, 15,19, x. Find the value of ‘x’?
Explanation: Here, if we observe first two numbers, i.e. 3 and 7. The operator is + (addition) and the operand is 4. If we observe the entire series, we can easily identify the operator and the operand, they are + and 4 respectively. So, ‘x’ will replace with 23.

Guidelines to identify the pattern:
Slep-1:Generally the pattern follows mathematical operation from first term to next term and so on.
Step-2: If the given number series is increasing or decreasing in a small amount, then there must be addition or subtraction between the numbers
Step-3: It the given number senes is increasing or decreasing in a large amount, then there must be multiplication or division between the numbers.
Stcp-4: Jf the given number senes is increasing or decreasing with a very large amount, then there must be square /cube or square root/cube root between the numbers.

Examples:
Understand the logical sequence of numbers given below and find the value at ‘x’.
1) 7,15, 24, 34, 45, x.
Explanation:

If you observe the series, the difference between the given numbers is constantly increasing. So the next number in the series is 57.

2) 289,169, 121, 49, x.
Explanation:

If you observe the series, each number is followed by prime squares in the descending order. So the next number in the series is (5²) = 25.

3) 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, x.
Explanation:

If you observe the series, each number is followed by cubes of natural numbers. So the next number in the series is 6³ = 216.

4) 1, 2, 6, 30, 210, x.
Explanation:

In this series, each number is multiplied by the next prime number starting from 2. So, 210 x 11 = 2310.

5) 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, x.
Explanation:

Every number is added to its previous number.

Alphabet Series (Word Series)

In this type of series sequence of alphabets are given in a logical order.You have to understand the logic interpreted in the given series and find the missing or the next alphabet/ word.

Examples:
Find the missing word in the following series.
1) EGI, JLN, OQS,____
Explanation: Every alphabet is moved 5 steps forward.
E + 5 = J ; G + 5 = L; I + 5 = N
Hence, the next term in the series is ‘TVX’.

2) AZ, BY, CX,___ EV, FU.
Explanation: The first letter in the series is increased by 1 and second letter is decreased by 1. Hence, the answer is ‘DW’.

Letter Series

Letter series type of questions usually consists of a series of small letters which follow a certain pattern. However, some letters are missing from the series. These missing letters are then given in a proper sequence as one of the alternatives. The candidate is required to choose this alternative as the answer.

Examples:
1) Find the missing letters in the following series. ab_ _ b_bab_ab_b_
a)aababa b)abaaba c) babcba d) bbaaba e) ababab
Explanation: The pattern in the above series is ababb/ ababb/ ababb. Hence, the missing number in the series is ‘ababab’. Hence, option-e is correct choice.

Exercise

Directions to solve: Understand the pattern given in the following questions and find the value of ‘x’.
1) 81, 80, x, 67, 51, 26.
a) 74 b) 78 c) 79 d) 76 e) None

2) 12, 21, 37, 73, 49, X.
a) 92 b) 94 c) 86 d) 102 e) None

3) 3,6 , 12, x, 33, 48
a) 18 b) 22 c) 27 d) 21 e) None

4) 55, 56, 55, 59, 51, 60, x.
a) 31 b) 33 c) 87 d) 57 e)None of

5) 11,12,13,15,17, X.
a) 18 b) 19 c) 10 d) 20 e) 23

6) 60, 30, 70, 40, 80, 50, x.
a) 70 b) 80 c) 90 d) 60 e) 95

7) 2, 4,12, 60, 420, x
a) 840 b) 1020 c) 3780 d) 4620 e) None of

8) 3768, 6, 733, 4, 9004, 4, 2314,1, 2014, X?
a) 6 b) 4 c)3 d) 5 e) 7

Find out the odd number in the following series.

9) 24, 51, 105, 213, 427, 861
a) 105 b) 213 c) 51 d) 427 e) 861

10) 5, 7.5, 15, 37.5, 112
a) 15 b) 7.5 c) 37.5 d) 5 e) 112

11) 90, 72, 56, 44, 30
a) 90 b) 72 c) 56 d) 44 e) 30

Direction (12 to 21): Find the value missing word in the following series which follows a logical order.

12) BE, HK, NQ,___ .
a) TV b) TU c) XD d) TW e) WT

13) E-5, G-7, 1-9, K-ll,__,__ .
a) M-13, O -15 b) M-12 O -15 c) N-14, P-16 d) N-15, P-17 e) none of these

14) HS, IR, JQ, KP, .
a) OL b) QR c) LO d) MO e) NO

15) EVIC, DWHB, CXGA,___.
a) BYLO b) BYMQ c) BYNO d) BYFZ e) CYQM

16)____ , ayw, gee, mki, sqo.
a) bwz b) zxw c) usq d) may e) xyv

17) QPO, SRQ, UTS, WVU,____ .
a) AYZ b) ZYA c) YXW d) VWX e) XVZ

18) KST, JTS, IUR, HVQ,____ .
a) GWR b) GWP c) WGR d) WGP e) WGRT

19) HYD, IVF, KRH,____ , RGL.
a) NMJ b) NMI c) MNJ d) MNI e) LMJ

20) J2Z, K4X, I7V, L11T, H16R,___ .
a) LI IS b) CY24 c) MP22 d) MP24 e) M22P

21) LN18, JQ25, HT32, FW39, ___.
a) DY43 b) DZ46 c) DA43 d) DX43 e) CZ46

Find out the missing letters in the following series and choose the correct alternatives.

22) a_aab_b_.cc .
a) abbcc b) abccb c) acbba d) ccbba e) aabbcc

23) a_a_bab_ab_baa_.
a) baaab b) bbaab c) bbbab d)aaaba e) aabba

24) _Q_S_PS_P_RS.
a) RPQRQ b) PRQRQ c) PQRRQ
d) PRQPQ e) PSRPQ

25) aba_b_a_abb_.
a) aabb b)aaaa c) abbb d)abab e)aaab

26) RR_QQQ_P_RR_QQ_.
a) RQPRP b) RPPRQ c) RPRPQ
d) RQRPQ e) RPRQP

27) MN_PPO_MM_OP_ON_.
a) OOMNQ b) MNOPQ c) OMNPO
d) ONNPM e) PMNNO

28) XY _Y_ X_ Y_ X___ Y_
a) XYYYYYY b) XYYYXYY c) YXXXYYY
d) YXXXXXX e) XYXYXYY

29) RS_RSS_R_SS_S_SS.
a) RRSSS b) SSSRS c) RRRSS
d) SRSRS e) None of these

30) XXY_YZ,_XY, Y_Z, X_ Y, YY_ .
a) YYZXY b) XZYZY c) YXYXZ
d) XZXZZ e) None

31) X_ YY_Z, XX_YZ_ X_.
a) XYZXY b) XZYYX ‘ c) XZZYY
d) XXZZY e) XZYZX

Explanations

12) d; First and second letters are moved 6 letters forward. Hence, the next term in the series is ‘TW’.

13) a; The letters in the series are increased by 2 and indicates their positional values in English alphabets. Hence, the next term in the series is ‘M-13, O -15’.

14) c; Here, first letter of each term is moved one step forward and second letter is moved one step backward. Hence, next term in the series is ‘LO’.

15) d; From first word to second word the corresponding letter are following the pattern like, -1, +1, -1, -1. Hence, next term in the series is ‘BYFZ’.

16) c; From one word to another, the corresponding letters are increased by 6. Hence, the answer is ‘usq’.

17) c; Each term in the series consists of three consecutive letters in reverse order. The first letter of each term and last letter of the next term are same. Hence, the next term in the series is ‘YXW’.

18) b; The first and third letters of each term are moved one step backward and the second letter is moved one step forward to obtain the corresponding letters of the next term. Hence, next term in the series is ‘GWP’.

19) a; The first letters of words are increasing in the order of 0, 1, 2, 3. The second letters are decreasing by 3, 4, 5, 6. The third letters in the series are increasing by 2. Hence, the missing term is ‘NMJ’.

20) e; Here the last letters are decreasing by 2, the numbers are increasing by 2, 3, 4, 5 etc. The first letters of the words at odd positions are decreasing by 1 and that of even positions are increasing by 1. Hence, the word in the given series is ‘M22P’.

21) b; Here, the first letter of each term is moved two steps backward and second letter is moved three steps forward to obtain the corresponding letter of the next term. The number in each term is increased by 7 from its previous term. Hence, next term in the series is DZ46.

22) a; The pattern of this series is aaaa, bbbb, cccc, so on. Hence the correct alternative is ‘abbcc’.

23) a; The pattern of the series is abaab/abaab/abaab so on. Hence, the correct alternative is ‘baaab’.

24) b; The pattern of the series is PQRS/ QPSR/ PQRS/ QPSR so on. Hence, the correct alternative is ’PRQRQ’.

25) d; The pattern of the above series is ab/ aabb/ aaabbb/ aaaabbbb so on. Hence, the correct answer is ‘abab’.

26) b; The pattern is RRR/ QQQ/ PPP/ RRR/…. so on. Hence, the correct alternative is ‘RPPRQ’.

27) d; The pattern is MNOP/ PONM/ MNOP/ PONM and so on. Hence, the correct alternative is ‘ONNPM’.

28) b; XY/ XYY/ XYYY/ XYYYY Hence, the answer is option (b).

29) a; The pattern is RS/ RR/ SSRR/ SSSSSS so on.Hence, the correct choice is ‘RRSSS’.

30) c; The pattern is XXY/ YYZ/ XXY/ YYZ/… so on. Hence, the correct option is ‘YXYXZ’.

31) e; The pattern is XX/ YY/ ZZ/ XX/ YY/ ZZ so on. Hence, the correct alternative is ‘XZYZX’.

Campus Recruitment – Logical Reasoning – Syllogisms

Concepts

Questions on syllogism contains statements followed by conclusions. You have to analyze the given statements carefully and find which of the conclusions logically follow.

Each statement of syllogism contains of three parts. They are, subject, predicate and copula.
Subject is that about which something is said.
Predicate is that part of the statement that which affirms is denied about the subject.
Copula is the word of the statement which denotes the relation between the subject and predicate.
Example: Consider the statement, ‘woman is tasted’. Here an information about woman is given. So, woman is the subject, ‘talented’ is the quality affirmed for this subject. So it is the predicate, ‘is’ denotes the relation between subject and predicate. So, it is copula.

Here we will discuss three types of methods to solve the questions on syllogism.
1) Diagrammatic method
2) Rules and Application method
3) Numbering and Apply method

1) Diagrammatic Method:
To solve the syllogism questions in this method, you have to represent the given statements in the form of a diagram.
fn syllogisms, frequently we come across the terms like all, some and no, not etc.
Example: 1) All papers are pens.
If the above statement are represented in a diagram, papers will be in inner circle and pens will be in outer circle, i.e.

2) Some papers are pens.

3) No paper is pen.
‘no’ indicates there is no relations exists between subject and predicate of the given statement. Hence, the two circles will not meet each other.

Example: Statements: Some Note books are books All books are papers
Conclusions: I. Some Notebooks are papers
II. No papers is notebook
Explanation: The possible Venn diagram for the given statements is as follows:

From the given statements, statement-I follows from the above diagram but statement-II does not follow.

2) Rules and Application Method:
The following rules are very useful while solving problems using this method.

Implication Statements:
1) All -»Some
If ‘all A’s are B’s’ then ’some A’s are B’s’ is also true.
2) Some <-> Some
If ‘some cats are rats’ then ‘some rats are cats’ is also true.
3) No <-> No
If ’no car is bus’ then ‘no bus is car’ is also true.
Note: For either-or option: If one conclusion is positive {i.e. starts with all/ some) and the other conclusion is negative (i.e. starts with no) and if they both have same objects as that of the given statements then the answer will be those two conclusions with either-or words.

Example: 1) Statements: Some keys are locks All locks are doors
Conclusions: I. All keys are doors
II. Some keys are doors
III. Some keys are not doors
a) only conclusion-(I) follows
b) only conclusion-(II) follows
c) only conclusion-(III) follows
d) both conclusion-(I) and (III) follows
e) None of the given conclusions follow
Explanation:
Step-1: Compare special words in both the statements.
i.e. some + all. Then, from the rule, some + all -> some.
Step-2: Compare predicate of the first statement and subject of the second statement. If both are same then cancel them and deduce a new conclusion.

‘some keys are doors’ is there in conclusion-(II). So, only conclusion-(II) follows. Hence, option-b is correct.

Note: From the given two statements if subject of the first statement and predicate of the second statement are not same, then it is not possible to deduce any conclusion from the two statements.

2) Statements: All bags are books
All pens are pencils
Conclusions: I. All bags are pencils
II. Some bags are pens
III. All pens are books
a) only conclusion-(I) follows
b) only conclusion-(II) follows
c) only conclusion-(III) follows
d) no conclusion follows
Explanation: Since the subject of the first statement and predicate of the second statement are not same, we cannot apply any rule. Hence, no conclusion follows.

3) Numbering and Apply Method:
The following rules are also very useful while solving the problems in this method.

Positive ->some/ all; Negative -> no/ some-not

Direct Relation: If any conclusion is/are directly derived from any of the given statement then it is called direct relation.
Indirect Relation: If the conclusion is not directly derived from any of the given statements then it is called indirect relation.
Consider the below value table which helps in solving the problems in this method.
Value Table:

Note: Consider the values given for the words in the statements as income. And values given for the words in the conclusions as expenditure.
Example: Statements: Some notebooks are books
All books are papers
Conclusions: I. Some notebooks are papers
II. No papers is notebook
Using the above value table we can number subject and predicate parts of the given statements and conclusions as shown below.

Steps to Solve:
Step-1: Observe the statements and conclusions using positive and negative table. If it is applicable then only go to the next step, else conclude.
Step-2:Assign the values to statements and conclusions using value table.
Step-3: Check every conclusion whether it has direct relation with the given statements. If yes go to step-4 else go to step-5.
Step-4: If the conclusion has direct relation then, compare total income and expenditure of subject and predicate separately and check if income ≥ expenditure.If both subject’s and predicate’s income ≥ expenditure then that conclusion is said to be true.
Step-5: If no direct relation exists between subject and predicate of any conclusion, then check which two statements has to be combined to get that particular conclusion. Then find the common word in those statements. Common word must have at least one value as 100. If Income of every word ≥ Expenditure of every word, then that conclusion is true.
Lets apply these method to an example.

Example: Statements: All pens are roads All roads are houses
Conclusion: I. All houses are pens
II. Some houses are pens
Explanation:
Step-1: The two given statements are positive. So, conclusions are also positive. (positive +positive = positive)
Step-2: Assign the values using value table.

Step-3: Consider conclusion-(I). It does not have direct relation to any of the given statements. We need to combine given two statements to get conclusion-(I). Now, check if any common word exist between the two statements and also the common word should have at least one value as 100.
Here the common word ‘road’ in both the statements. And it has one value as 100 in second statement.
Now, calculate income from statements and expenditure from conclusions.

From Conclusion-(I):
Income of houses = 50 and expenditure of houses = 100
Income < Expenditure Income of pens = 100 and expenditure of pens = 50. Income > Expenditure
In the first case, income < expenditure. In order for a conclusion to be valid, income should always be > expenditure. So, conclusion-(I) is invalid.

From Conclusion-(II):
Income of houses = 50 and expenditure of houses = 50.
Income > Expenditure
Income of pens = 100 and expenditure of pens = 50.
Income > Expenditure.
In both the cases, income > expenditure.
So, conclusion-(II) is valid.
Therefore, only conclusion-(II) follows.

Exercise

Directions(l-4): In each question below there are two statements followed by two conclusions numbered (I) and (II). You have to assume the given two statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. Read the conclusions and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the two given statements and give your answer as
a: If only conclusion-(I) follows
b: If only conclusion-(II) follows
c: If either conclusion-(I) or (II) follows
d: If neither conclusion-(I) nor (II) follows
e: If both conclusion-(I) and (II) follow

1) Statements : Some flowers are birds
Some birds are cats
Conclusions: I. Some flowers are cats
II. No flower is cat

2) Statements: All pens are pencils
No pencil is cap
Conclusions: I. All caps are pencils
II. Some caps are pencils

3) Statements: Some teachers are players
No player is singer
Conclusions: I. Some teachers are singers
II. No singer is a teacher

4) Statements: No mobile is bag
Some bags are buckets
Conclusions: I. Some mobiles are buckets
II. Some buckets are not mobiles

Directions (5 – 8): Read the given statements carefully and decide which of the conclusions logically follow. And give answer as
a: If only conclusion-(I) follows
b: If only conclusion-(II) follows
c: If only conclusion-(III) follows
d: If either conclusion-(I) or (II) follows
e: If neither conclusion-(I) nor (II) follows
f: If only conclusion-(I) and (III) follows
g: If none of the given conclusions follow

5) Statements: Some eye drops are ear drops
All eye drops are liquids
Some liquids are drinkable
Conclusions: I. Sortie eye drops are drinkable
II. Some ear drops are drinkable
III. All liquids are eye drops

6) Statements: Nail polish is a cosmetic
No cosmetic is powder
Some powders are medicine
Conclusions: I. Some powders are cosmetic
II. Some medicine are nail polish
III. Some cosmetic are nail polish

7) Statements: All scales are pots
Some pots are bowls
All pots are rats
Conclusion: I. All scales are rats
II. Some scales are bowls
III. Some pots are rats

8) Statements: Some mobiles are tablets
All tablets are laptops
No mobile is chalk
Conclusions: I. Some mobiles are laptops
II. Some tablets are chalks
III. All mobiles are tablets

Directions (9 -12): Read the given statements carefully and decide which of the conclusions logically follow. And give answer as
a: If only conclusions-(I) and (II) follow
b: If only conclusion-(III) and (IV) follow
c: If only conclusions-(I) and (III) follow
d: If only conclusions-(II) and (IV) follow
e: If either conclusion-(I) or (III) follows
f: If either conclusion-(II) or (IV) follows
g: If none of the given conclusions follow

9) Statements: Some carpets are books
All books are pens
Some pens are carbons
All carbons are notebooks
Conclusions: I. Some carbons are carpets
II. Some carbons are books
III. Some pens are carpets
IV. Some notebooks are pens

10) Statements: All apples are tomatoes
All tomatoes are ladyfingers
All ladyfingers are oranges
Some oranges are bananas
Conclusions: I. Some oranges are tomatoes
II. All tomatoes are apples
III. Some apples are oranges
IV. All ladyfingers are apples

11) Statements: Some cool drinks are juices
Some juices are bags
All cats are mats
No cat is rat
Conclusions:I. At least some cool drinks are bags is a possibility
II. At least some mats are rats is a possibility
III. Some cool drinks are bags
IV. No cat is mat

12) Statements: All lids are caps
All caps are spoons
Some spoons are pens
Some pens are pencils
Conclusions:
I. Some caps are pens
II. All spoons are lids
III. At least some lids are pens is a possibility
IV. At least some pencils are caps is a possibility

Directions (13-24): Read the given statements carefully and decide which of the conclusions logically follow.
And give answer as
a: If only conclusion-(I) follows
b: If only conclusion-(II) follows
c: If only conclusion-(III) follows
d: If either conclusion-(I) or (II) follows
e: If neither conclusion-(I) nor (II) follows
f: If none of the given conclusions follows
g: If both conclusion-(I) and (II) follow
h: If both conclusion-(II) and (III) follow
i: If both conclusion-(III) and (IV) follow
j: If all the given conclusions follow

13) Statements: All men are doctors
All men are teachers
Conclusions: I. Some doctors are teachers
II. Some teachers are doctors

14) Statements: Some rivers are oceans
No ocean is well
Conclusions: I. Some rivers are not wells
II. No well is ocean

15) Statements: Some papers are chalks
No chalks are flowers
Conclusions: I. Some papers are flowers
II. No flower is paper

16) Statements: Some lights are candles
All candles are bulbs
Conclusions: I. All lights are bulbs
II. Some lights are bulbs
III. Some lights are not bulbs

17) Statements: Some dogs are cars
Some cars are horses
All horses are cows
Conclusions: I. Some cars are cows
II. Some cows are horses
III. Some dogs are horses

18) Statements: All tables are benches
No bench is chair
Conclusions: I. No table is chair
II. Some tables are benches
III. Some benches are tables

19) Statements: All dolls are cameras
Some cameras are chairs
All chairs are bells
Conclusions: I. Some bells are dolls
II. No bell is doll
III. All cameras are bells
IV. All chairs are cameras

20) Statements: All guns are sticks
All sticks are rods
Conclusions: I. Some rods are guns
II. All guns are rods
III. Some sticks are rods
IV. Some rods are not sticks

21) Statements: All tins are baskets
No basket is cot
Conclusions: I. No tin is cot
II. Some tins are cats
III. All baskets are tins
IV. Some cots are tins

22) Statements: Some pen drives are hard disks
All Hard disks are CD’s
Some books are CD’s
Conclusions: I. Some pen drives are CD’s
II. Some hard disks are pen drives
III. Some books are pen drives
IV. Some hard disks are books

23) Statements: Some fans are switches
All switches are lights
Some lights are mobiles
Conclusions: I. Some switches are mobiles
II. All fans are lights
III. Some fans are lights
IV. No switch is mobile

24) Statements: All scales are chocolates
All chocolates are sweet
Conclusions: I. All scales are sweet
II. No scale is sweet

25) Statements: Some players are singers
All singers are tall
Conclusions: I. Some players are tall
II. All players are tall

26) Statements: All bottles plastic
No plastic is stronger
Conclusions: I. No bottle is stronger
II. Some bottles are plastic

27) Statements: Some pens are goods
All goods are papers
Conclusions: I. No pen is paper
II. No pen is goods

28) Statements: No egg is black
No black is white
Conclusions: I. Some eggs are white
II. All whites are eggs

29) Statements: Some soaps are cinthol
No cinthol is bad
Conclusions: I. Some soaps are not bad
II. Some cinthols are soaps

30) Statements: Some schools are colleges
Some colleges are universities
All Universities are good
Conclusions: I. Some goods are schools
II. Some universities are schools

31) Statements: All cakes are breads
Some breads are fruits
Some fruits are biscuits
All biscuits are snacks
Conclusions: I. Some snacks are fruits
II. Some cakes are fruits

32) Statements: Some spoons are fruits
No fruit is red
Conclusions: I. Some fruits are spoons
II. No spoon is red

33) Statements: Some flowers are pillows
Some pillows are beds
All beds are fruits
No fruit is a bag
Conclusions: I. No bed is bag
II. Some flowers are bags
III. Some flowers are fruits

34) Statements: Some towers are pillars
Some pillars are buildings
All buildings are flats
No flat is house
Conclusions: I. No budding is house
II. Some towers are houses
III. Some towers are flats

35) Statements: All cups are saucers
Some glasses are plates
No glass is metal
Conclusions: I. Some plates are metal
II. Some cups are glasses
III. No plate is metal
IV. All metals are saucers

Explanations

Campus Recruitment – Logical Reasoning – Syllogisms

Concepts

Questions on syllogism contains statements followed by conclusions. You have to analyze the given statements carefully and find which of the conclusions logically follow.
Each statement of syllogism contains of three parts. They are, subject, predicate and copula.
Subject is that about which something is said.
Predicate is that part of the statement that which affirms is denied about the subject.
Copula is the word of the statement which denotes the relation between the subject and predicate.
Example: Consider the statement, ‘woman is tasted’. Here an information about woman is given. So, woman is the subject, ‘talented’ is the quality affirmed for this subject. So it is the predicate, ‘is’ denotes the relation between subject and predicate. So, it is copula.
Here we will discuss three types of methods to solve the questions on syllogism.
1) Diagrammatic method
2) Rules and Application method
3) Numbering and Apply method

1) Diagrammatic Method:
To solve the syllogism questions in this method, you have to represent the given statements in the form of a diagram.
In syllogisms, frequently we come across the terms like all, some and no, not etc.
Example: 1) All papers are pens.
If the above statement are represented in a diagram, papers will be in inner circle and pens will be in outer circle, i.e.

2) Some papers are pens.

3) No paper is pen.
‘no’ indicates there is no relations exists between subject and predicate of the given statement. Hence, the two circles will not meet each other

Example: Statements: Some Note books are books All books are papers
Conclusions: I. Some Notebooks are papers
II. No papers is notebook
Explanation: The possible Venn diagram for the given statements is as follows:

From the given statements, statement-I follows from the above diagram but statement-II does not follow.
2) Rules and Application Method:
The following rules are very useful while solving problems using this method.

some-not/reverse of some-not + anything = no conclusion.

Implication Statements:
1) All -»Some
If ‘all A’s are B’s’ then ’some A’s are B’s’ is also true.
2) Some <-> Some
If ‘some cats are rats’ then ‘some rats are cats’ is also true.
3) No <-> No
If ’no car is bus’ then ‘no bus is car’ is also true.
Note: For either-or option: If one conclusion is positive {i.e. starts with all/ some) and the other conclusion is negative (i.e. starts with no) and if they both have same objects as that of the given statements then the answer will be those two conclusions with either-or words.

Example: 1) Statements: Some keys are locks All locks are doors
Conclusions: I. All keys are doors
II. Some keys are doors
III. Some keys are not doors
a) only conclusion-(I) follows
b) only conclusion-(II) follows
c) only conclusion-(III) follows
d) both conclusion-(I) and (III) follows
e) None of the given conclusions follow
Explanation:
Step-1: Compare special words in both the statements.
i.e. some + all. Then, from the rule, some + all -> some.
Step-2: Compare predicate of the first statement and
subject of the second statement. If both are same then
cancel them and deduce a new conclusion.

‘some keys are doors’ is there in conclusion-(II). So, only conclusion-(II) follows. Hence, option-b is correct.

Note: From the given two statements if subject of the first statement and predicate of the second statement are not same, then it is not possible to deduce any conclusion from the two statements.

2) Statements: All bags are books All pens are pencils Conclusions: I. All bags are pencils
II. Some bags are pens
III. All pens are books
a) only conclusion-(I) follows
b) only conclusion-(II) follows
c) only conclusion-(III) follows
d) no conclusion follows
Explanation: Since the subject of the first statement and predicate of the second statement are not same, we cannot apply any rule. Hence, no conclusion follows.

3) Numbering and Apply Method:
The following rules are also very useful while solving the problems in this method.

Positive -> some/ all; Negative -> no/ some-not

Direct Relation: If any conclusion is/are directly derived from any of the given statement then it is called direct relation.
Indirect Relation: If the conclusion is not directly derived from any of the given statements then it is called indirect relation.
Consider the below value table which helps in solving the problems in this method.
Value Table:

Note: Consider the values given for the words in the statements as income. And values given for the words in the conclusions as expenditure.
Example: Statements: Some notebooks are books All books are papers
Conclusions: I. Some notebooks are papers
II. No papers is notebook
Using the above value table we can number subject and predicate parts of the given statements and conclusions as shown below.

Steps to Solve:
Step-1: Observe the statements and conclusions using positive and negative table. If it is applicable then only go to the next step, else conclude.
Step-2:Assign the values to statements and conclusions using value table.
Step-3: Check every conclusion whether it has direct relation with the given statements. If yes go to step-4 else go to step-5.
Step-4: If the conclusion has direct relation then, compare total income and expenditure of subject and predicate separately and check if income ≥ expenditure. If both subject’s and predicate’s income ≥ expenditure then that conclusion is said to be true.
Step-5: If no direct relation exists between subject and predicate of any conclusion, then check which two statements has to be combined to get that particular conclusion. Then find the common word in those statements. Common word must have at least one value as 100. If Income of every word ≥ Expenditure of every word, then that conclusion is true.

Lets apply these method to an example.
Example: Statements: All pens are roads All roads are houses Conclusion: I. All houses are pens
II. Some houses are pens
Explanation:
Step-1: The two given statements are positive. So, conclusions are also positive. (positive +positive = positive)
Step-2: Assign the values using value table.

Step-3: Consider conclusion-(I). It does not have direct relation to any of the given statements. We need to combine given two statements to get conclusion-(I). Now, check if any common word exist between the two statements and also the common word should have at least one value as 100.
Here the common word ‘road’ in both the statements. And it has one value as 100 in second statement.
Now, calculate income from statements and expenditure from conclusions.
From Conclusion-(I):
Income of houses = 50 and expenditure of houses = 100
Income < Expenditure
Income of pens = 100 and expenditure of pens = 50.
Income ≥ Expenditure .
In the first case, income < expenditure. In order for a conclusion to be valid, income should always be ≥ expenditure. So, conclusion-(I) is invalid.
From Conclusion-(II):
Income of houses = 50 and expenditure of houses = 50.
Income ≥ Expenditure
Income of pens = 100 and expenditure of pens = 50.
Income ≥ Expenditure.
In both the cases, income ≥ expenditure.
So, conclusion-(II) is valid.
Therefore, only conclusion-(II) follows.
In each question below there are two statements followed by two conclusions numbered (I) and (II). You have to assume the given two statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. Read the conclusions and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the two given statements and give your answer as
a: If only conclusion-(I) follows
b: If only conclusion-(II) follows
c: If either conclusion-(I) or (II) follows
d: If neither conclusion-(I) nor (II) follows
e: If both conclusion-(I) and (II) follow

Exercise

1) Statements : Some flowers are birds
Some birds are cats
Conclusions: I. Some flowers are cats
II. No flower is cat

2) Statements: All pens are pencils
No pencil is cap
Conclusions: I. All caps are pencils
II. Some caps are pencils

3) Statements: Some teachers are players
No player is singer
Conclusions: I. Some teachers are singers
II. No singer is a teacher

4) Statements: No mobile is bag
Some bags are buckets
Conclusions: I. Some mobiles are buckets
II. Some buckets are not mobiles

Directions (5 – 8): Read the given statements carefully and decide which of the conclusions logically follow. And give answer as
a: If only conclusion-(I) follows
b: If only conclusion-(II) follows
c: If only conclusion-(III) follows
d: If either conclusion-(I) or (II) follows
e: If neither conclusion-(I) nor (II) follows
f: If only conclusion-(I) and (III) follows
g: If none of the given conclusions follow

5) Statements: Some eye drops are ear drops
All eye drops are liquids
Some liquids are drinkable
Conclusions: I. Sortie eye drops are drinkable
II. Some ear drops are drinkable
III. All liquids are eye drops

6) Statements: Nail polish is a cosmetic
No cosmetic is powder
Some powders are medicine
Conclusions: I. Some powders are cosmetic
II. Some medicine are nail polish
III. Some cosmetic are nail polish

7) Statements: All scales are pots
Some pots are bowls All pots are rats
Conclusion: I. All scales are rats
II. Some scales are bowls
III. Some pots are rats

8) Statements: Some mobiles are tablets
All tablets are laptops
No mobile is chalk
Conclusions: I. Some mobiles are laptops
II. Some tablets are chalks
III. All mobiles are tablets

Directions (9 -12): Read the given statements carefully and decide which of the conclusions logically follow.
And give answer as
a: If only conclusions-(I) and (II) follow
b: If only conclusion-(III) and (IV) follow
c: If only conclusions-(I) and (III) follow
d: If only conclusions-(II) and (IV) follow
e: If either conclusion-(I) or (III) follows
f: If either conclusion-(II) or (IV) follows
g: If none of the given conclusions follow

9) Statements: Some carpets are books
All books are pens
Some pens are carbons
All carbons are notebooks
Conclusions: I. Some carbons are carpets
II. Some carbons are books
III. Some pens are carpets
IV. Some notebooks are pens

10) Statements: All apples are tomatoes
All tomatoes are ladyfingers
All ladyfingers are oranges
Some oranges are bananas
Conclusions: I. Some oranges are tomatoes
II. All tomatoes are apples
III. Some apples are oranges
IV. All ladyfingers are apples

11) Statements: Some cool drinks are juices
Some juices are bags
All cats are mats
No cat is rat
Conclusions:
I. At least some cool drinks are bags is a possibility
II. At least some mats are rats is a possibility
III. Some cool drinks are bags
IV. No cat is mat

12) Statements: All lids are caps
All caps are spoons
Some spoons are pens
Some pens are pencils
Conclusions:
I. Some caps are pens
II. All spoons are lids
III. At least some lids are pens is a possibility
IV. At least some pencils are caps is a possibility .

Directions (13-24): Read the given statements carefully and decide which of the conclusions logically follow. And give answer as
a: If only conclusion-(I) follows
b: If only conclusion-(II) follows
c: If only conclusion-(III) follows
d: If either conclusion-(I) or (II) follows
e: If neither conclusion-(I) nor (II) follows
f: If none of the given conclusions follows
g: If both conclusion-(I) and (II) follow
h: If both conclusion-(II) and (III) follow
i: If both conclusion-(III) and (IV) follow
j: If all the given conclusions follow

13) Statements: All men are doctors
All men are teachers
Conclusions: I. Some doctors are teachers
II. Some teachers are doctors

14) Statements: Some rivers are oceans
No ocean is well
Conclusions: I. Some rivers are not wells
II. No well is ocean

15) Statements: Some papers are chalks
No chalks are flowers
Conclusions: I. Some papers are flowers
II. No flower is paper

16) Statements: Some lights are candles
All candles are bulbs
Conclusions: I. All lights are bulbs
II. Some lights are bulbs
III. Some lights are not bulbs

17) Statements: Some dogs are cars
Some cars are horses
All horses are cows
Conclusions: I. Some cars are cows
II. Some cows are horses
III. Some dogs are horses

18) Statements: All tables are benches
No bench is chair
Conclusions: I. No table is chair
II. Some tables are benches
III. Some benches are tables

19) Statements: All dolls are cameras
Some cameras are chairs
All chairs are bells
Conclusions: I. Some bells are dolls
II. No bell is doll
III. All cameras are bells
IV. All chairs are cameras

20) Statements: All guns are sticks
All sticks are rods
Conclusions: I. Some rods are guns
II. All guns are rods
III. Some sticks are rods
IV. Some rods are not sticks

21) Statements: All tins are baskets
No basket is cot
Conclusions: I. No tin is cot
II. Some tins are cats
III. All baskets are tins
IV. Some cots are tins

22) Statements: Some pen drives are hard disks
All Hard disks are CD’s
Some books are CD’s
Conclusions: I. Some pen drives are CD’s
II. Some hard disks are pen drives
III. Some books are pen drives
IV. Some hard disks are books

23) Statements: Some fans are switches
All switches are lights
Some lights are mobiles
Conclusions: I. Some switches are mobiles
II. All fans are lights
III. Some fans are lights
IV. No switch is mobile

24) Statements: All scales are chocolates
All chocolates are sweet
Conclusions: I. All scales are sweet
II. No scale is sweet

25) Statements: Some players are singers
All singers are tall
Conclusions: I. Some players are tall
II. All players are tall

26) Statements: All bottles plastic
No plastic is stronger
Conclusions: I. No bottle is stronger
II. Some bottles are plastic
27) Statements: Some pens are goods
All goods are papers
Conclusions: I. No pen is paper
II. No pen is goods

28) Statements: No egg is black
No black is white
Conclusions: I. Some eggs are white
II. All whites are eggs

29) Statements: Some soaps are cinthol
No cinthol is bad
Conclusions: I. Some soaps are not bad
II. Some cinthols are soaps

30) Statements: Some schools are colleges
Some colleges are universities
All Universities are good
Conclusions: I. Some goods are schools
II. Some universities are schools

31) Statements: All cakes are breads
Some breads are fruits
Some fruits are biscuits
All biscuits are snacks
Conclusions: I. Some snacks are fruits
II. Some cakes are fruits

32) Statements: Some spoons are fruits
No fruit is red
Conclusions: I. Some fruits are spoons
II. No spoon is red

33) Statements: Some flowers are pillows
Some pillows are beds
All beds are fruits
No fruit is a bag
Conclusions: I. No bed is bag
II. Some flowers are bags
III. Some flowers are fruits

34) Statements: Some towers are pillars
Some pillars are buildings
All buildings are flats
No flat is house
Conclusions: I. No budding is house
II. Some towers are houses
III. Some towers are flats

35) Statements: All cups are saucers
Some glasses are plates
No glass is metal
Conclusions: I. Some plates are metal
II. Some cups are glasses
III. No plate is metal
IV. All metals are saucers

Explanation