Campus Recruitment – Logical Reasoning – Blood Relations

Concepts

Blood relations means persons connected by some relation like mother-father, daughter-son, sister- brother, aunt-uncle, niece-nephew, sister in law- brother in law etc. Blood relations questions are based on the family tree concept. Questions are asked based on the variety of relationships in the family. To remember easily, we classify them as paternal side relations and maternal side relations

Paternal side relations:

Maternal side relations:



Example: Pointing to a photograph, Kiran said, ‘she is the daughter of my grandmother’s only son’. How is Kiran related to the girl in the photograph?
Explanation:

My grandmother’s only son = My father.
Given that, the girl is daughter of kiran’s father. It means Kiran is the brother of the girl in the photograph.
Example: Pointing to a gentleman, Ravi said, ‘his only brother is the father of my daughter’s father’. How is the gentleman related to Ravi?
Explanation:

Father of Ravi’s daughter’s father = Father of Ravi.
The gentleman’s only brother is Ravi’s father.
It means the gentleman is Ravi’s uncle.

Relation Puzzles: In this type, the relationship among the persons is described in more’ than one statement in a complicated manner.
Example: A’s mother is sister of B and daughter of X. C is the daughter of B and sister of Y. How is X related to Y
Explanation:

Y is either son or daughter of B.
So, Y is the granddaughter/ grand son of X.
Example: Anil is the son of Bharath whose sister has a son Danish and a daughter Elizabeth. Phanindra is the maternal uncle of Danish. How is Anil related to Danish?
Explanation:

Anil is the son of Bharath. Danish is the son of Bharath’s sister. So, Anil is the cousin of Danish.

Coded Relations:
In this type of problems, the relationships among the persons are represented by certain symbols or codes such as +, -, x, ÷, %, @, © etc. You need to understand the given pattern of relationships and answer the questions followed.
Example: If A + B means A is the husband of B;
A / B means A is the sister of B;
A x B means A is the son of B;
Which of the following shows ‘P is the daughter of Q’?
a) R x Q/P b) Q + R x P c) S x Q + R/p
d) P / S x Q e) none of these
Explanation:
From option-a: (R x Q / P). It means R is the son of Q. and Q is sister of P. It means P is sister/ brother of Q. So option-a is not true.
From option-b: (Q + R x P). It means Q is husband of R and R is son of P. Option-b is not true.
From option-c: (S x Q + R / P). It means S is son of Q. Q is husband of R. R is sister of P. Then P is sister-in-law of Q. So, this option is not true.
From option-d: (P / S x Q). It means P is sister of S. S is son of Q. Then P is daughter of Q.
Hence, option-d is correct choice.
Example: If A + B means A is brother of B;
A – B means A is mother of B;
A x B means A is sister of B.
Which of the following means, ‘P is the maternal uncle of S’?
a) P + Q + S – b) P – S + Q c) P + Q – S
d) P + Q x S e) none of these
Explanation: We have to verify every option.
From option-c, (P + Q -S), P is brother of Q. Q is mother of S. Then P is brother of the mother of S. It means P is maternal uncle of S.

Conceptual Examples

Exercise

1) Ajay’s son Praveen is married with Rita whose sister Sudha is married to Kiran who is the brother of Praveen. How Sudha is related to Ajay?
a) sister b) mother c) cousin
d) daughter-in-law e) nephew

2) Pointing to a lady Gourav Said, “the son of her only brother is the brother of my wife’s sister”. How is the lady related to the Gourav?
a) mother b) sister of father-in-law
c) grandmother d) can’t be determined
e) none of these

3) Pointing to a person in the photograph, Arjun said, “His only brother is the father of daughter’s father”. How is the person in the photograph related to Arjun?
a) Father b) aunt c) uncle
d) cousin e) brother-in-law

4) A is father of B who is the son of V. In order to know the relation between A and C, which of the statement(s) is necessary?
(i) C is the brother of V
(ii) The daughter of B is the grand daughter of V.
a) Only (ii) b) only (i) c) either (i) or (ii)
d) both (i) and (ii) e) none

5) Pointing to a man, a woman says, ‘He is the brother- in-law of the only son of my mother-in-law’s husband’. How is the woman related to the man?
a) mother-in-law b) wife c) sister
d) sister-in-law e) aunt

6) Pointing to a photograph, Vinod said. “He is the son of the son of my grandfather’s only brother”. How is the man related to Vinod?
a) brother-in-law b) grand father
c) father-in-law d) cousin e) uncle

7) If (i) A is brother of B ;
(ii) C is brother of B;
(iii) A is brother of D.
Then which of the following statements is definitely true?
a) B is brother of C b) B is brother of D
c) A is brother of C d) D is brother of A
e) none of these

8) 1. A 5 C means A is father of C.
2. A 9 C means A is sister of C.
3. A 4 C means A is brother of C.
4. A 3 C means A is wife of C.
Which of the following means M is mother of Z?
a) M3L5Z b) M5L3Z c) M9L4Q3Z
d) M3L5Q3Z e) none of these

Directions (9-10): Read the given information and answer the questions that follow:
P is the father of R. But R is not his son.
T is the daughter of R. U is the spouse of P.
Q is the brother of R. S is the son of Q.
V is the spouse of Q.

9) Who is the grandmother of S?
a) P b) R c) U d) W e)Q

10) Who is the son of U?
a) Q b) R c) S d) T e) P

11) F is son of A;
B is brother of C;
A is sister of B;
E is brother of D;
D is daughter of C.
Then who are the cousins of F?
a) C and A b) A and E c) B and E
d) D and E e) none of these

12) T is the son of P.
S is the son of Q.
T is married to R.
R is Q’s daughter.
How is ‘S’ related to T?
a) brother b) uncle c) father-in-law
d) brother-in-law e) none of these

13) P + Q means P is father of Q;
P – Q means P is wife of Q;
P x Q means P is brother of Q;
P ÷ Q means P is daughter of Q;
If A ÷ C + D + B, then which of the following is true?
a) A is daughter of B b) B is aunt of A
c) A is aunt of B d) A is mother of B
e) none of these are true

14) P is brother of Q. Q is brother of R. S is father of P. Based on these statements; which of the following cannot be definitely true?
a) Q is the brother of P b) Q is the son of S
c) P is the brother of R d) R is brother of P
e) P, Q and R are children of S.

15) Gita walking with a boy meets Sita and on being asked about her relation with the boy, Gita said, “my maternal uncle and his maternal uncle’s maternal uncle are brothers”. How is Gita related to the boy.
a) Nephew b) Brother-in-law c) son
d) Grandson e) Aunt

Directions(16-20): Read the given information and answer the questions that follow.
All the 6 members of a family L, M, N, O, P, Q are traveling together. M is the son of N but N is not mother of M. L and N are married couple. P is brother of N. O is the daughter of L. Q is brother of M.

16) How many children does L have?
a) One b) Two c) Three d) Four e) Five

17) How many male members are there in the family?
a) One b) Two c) Three d) Four e) Five

18) Which of the following is a pair of females?
a) LP b) MO c) OQ d) LO e) MP

19) Who is the wife of P?
a) L b) Q c) M d) Can’t be determined e) R

20) Who is the mother of M?
a) O b) Q , c) P d) L e) None of these

Directions (21-25): Read the given information carefully and answer the questions that follow.
X + Y means X is the father of Y;
X – Y means X is the wife of Y;
X x Y means X is the brother of Y;
X÷Y means X is the daughter of Y.

21) If A÷C +B, then which of the following is true?
a) A is father of B b) A is brother of B
c) A is mother of B d) A is sister of B
e) none of these

22) If A-C+B, which of the following statement is true?
a) A is the mother of B b) B is the daughter of A
c) A is the aunt of B d) A is the sister of B
e) none of these true

23) If A x C÷B, which of the following statement is true?
a) A is the uncle of B b) A is the father of B
c) A is the brother of B d) A is the son of B
e) none of these true

24) If A + C ÷ B, then which of the following is true?
a) A is the brother of B b) A is the son of B
c) A is the husband of B d) A is the father of B
e) none of these true

25) If A x C + B, then which of the following is the true?
a) A is the uncle of B
b) A is the father of B
c) A is the brother-in-law of B
d) A is the grandfather of B
e) All statements are false

Explanations

1) d; Kiran is the brother of Praveen. So, Ajay is the father of Kiran. And Sudha is wife of Kiran. So, Sudha is daughter-in-law of Ajay.

2)b;

Brother of Gourav’s wife’s sister = brother-in-law Gourav. The son of lady’s brother is brother-in-law of Gourav. Therefore, the brother of the lady is the father- in-law of Gourav. So, lady is sister of the Gourav’s father-in-law or the lady is aunt-in-law of Gourav.

3) c;

Father of Arjun’s daughter’s father = Arjun’s father.The person in photograph is brother of Aijun’s father. So, the person is uncle of Arjun. (The word ‘his’ in the given statement says the ‘the person’ is a male).

4) b; A is father of B. B is son of V i.e. V is mother of B. From (i), C is the brother of V. It means A is brother-in¬law of C because V is wife of A.From (ii), in this statement, relation between A and C is not given. So, only statement-(i) is necessary.

5) c;

My mother-in-law’s Husband = My father-in-law.
Only son of my mother-in-law’s husband = only son of my father-in-law = Husband.
Brother-in-law of husband = Brother
.’. The man is brother of the woman.
.’. The woman is sister of the man.

6) d; Son of my grandfather’s only brother = Vinod’s uncle. Son of Vinod’s uncle = Vinod’s cousin.

7) d; From given data, D is brother of A is true, which is option- d. (Here, gender of B and D is unknown. So, we can simply eliminate option- a, b, d).

8) a; From option-a, (M 3 L) = M is the wife of L and
(L 5 Z) = L is the father of Z. Then, M is the mother of Z.

9) c; From the family tree, U is the grandmother of S.

10) a; From the above family tree, Q is the son of U

11) d; E and D are the cousins of F.

12) d; S is the brother-in-law of T.

13)c; A÷C+D+B means A is daughter of C who is the father of D. D is father of B. i.e. A is sister of B’s father i.e. A is aunt of B.

14) d; P is the brother of Q and Q is the brother of R. So, R may be the brother or sister of P.

15) c; Gita is aunt of the boy.

16) c; 3 children (Q, M, O).

17)d;There are four males.

18) d; L and O are females.

19) d; From given data, wife of P cannot be determined.

20) d; L is the mother of M.

21) d; A÷C+B means A is the daughter of C who is the father of B. i.e. A is the sister of B.

22) a; A-C+B means A is wife of C who is the father of B. Then A is the mother of B.

23) d; A x C ÷ B means A is the brother of C who is the daughter of B. It means, A is son of B.

24) c; A+C ÷B means A is the father of C who is the daughter of B. It means B is the mother of C. Then A is husband of B.

25) a; A x C+B means A is the brother of C who is the father of B. Then A is uncle of B.

Campus Recruitment – Logical Reasoning – Direction Sense Test

Concepts

 

Direction sense test question will be asked to check the candidates ability in deciding the shortest way within time. In this type of questions, we will see persons or things moving in East, West, North and South directions from an initial point.
There are 4 directions viz., East, West, North, South. And 4 cardinal directions viz., North-East, North¬West, South-East, South-West.
There are 4 types of problems which are frequently been asked in Campus Recruitment Tests.
1) Problems on Distances
2) Problems on clocks
3) Problems on Angles
4) Problems on Shadows
The diagram below illustrates the relevant positions of all the 8 directions.

Problems on directions can be solved in 2 ways.
(1) Diagrammatic way (2) Shortcut way
While solving the problems on directions, it is very important for you to remember the left and right directions of each direction, i.e. Left of the East is North. Right of East is South and so on.

Type-(l): Problems on Distances:

Steps for shortcut method:
1) If the directions are same, then add the distances.
2) If directions are opposite, then subtract the distances and write, the direction which has maximum value.
3) If directions are North-East, North-West, South-East or South-West then take both directions as single direction and calculate the distance using the formula.

Example: A man walk 15 km towards North. From there he walks 10 km towards East. Then 15 km towards South. Finally he walks towards East 12 km. How far and in which direction is he with reference to his starting point?

Explanation: Diagrammatic Method

The shortest distance is AD + DE = 10 + 12 = 22 km and the direction is East.

Shortcut Method:
First he walked 15 km North, so write N(15).
Next he walked 10 km East, so write E(10) i.e N(15)E(10) and continue till the last statement.
Then we get, N(15) E(10) S(15) E(12)
Now apply the tips discussed above. i.e. add E(10)and E(12)= E(22)( same directions) and subtract N(15) and S(15)= 0 ( opposite directions)
.’. Finally he is in East direction with distance 22 km.
Example: A Boy started to school from his home. He walks 100 m in East. Then he walks 50 m to his left. From there he walks 150 in to his left again, finally he reached his school. How far and in which direction his school is located from his home?

Explanation: Diagrammatic Method:

Type-(II): Problems on Clocks:

Example: A clock shows 10:30 (am/pm). If its minute hand points to East, then its hour hand points to?
Explanation: Represent the given time in a clock

In the question it is given that, minute hand is pointing to East. But in the above diagram minute hand is pointing to South. So, rotate the directions diagram in such a way that the minute hand points to East. To do so, we have to rotate directions diagram 90° clock wise as shown below.

Now you see the hour hand in the clock and compare its direction with rotated directions diagram. Then we will come to know that the hour hand points SW direction.

Type-3: Problems on Angles:
Steps to Solve:

Example: A man is facing North, he turns to his right 90° Then he turns 180° in anti clock wise direction. Again he turns in the same direction 45°. Finally he turns 90° in the clock wise direction. In which direction is he facing now?
Explanation: Diagrammatic Method:
Indicate the movements of the person according to the given question.

Numbers in the above diagram indicates his movements from starting point to ending point. So, finally he is facing in North-West direction.
Shortcut Method: First the given object (man) moves in right hand side 90°, so write +90°. Next the man moves 180° in anti clock wise, so write -180°. Next he turns 45° in the same direction i.e. in his previous direction, so write -45°. Finally he turns 90° in clockwise direction, so write +90°. Now, by combining all the above four we get, Direction = 90°-180°- 45°+ 90°= – 45°.
(minus indicates anti clock wise direction)
So move 45° in anti clock wise direction from his starting point.
i.e. 45° anti clockwise from North = North-West direction. So, the man is facing NW direction finally.

Type-(4): Problems on shadows:

Example: One morning after sunrise P went for a walk,he found that his friend Q is coming in opposite direction. P observed that, the shadow of Q is exactly
falling to his right. Form which direction is P coming?
Explanation: Given that the shadow is falling to the right of P. So, locate P in the North. Then Q will be in South. So, we can say,P is coming from North direction

Conceptual Examples

1) A girl is going to her friend’s house. She went 45m West. Next she went 60m to her right, then she again took right and walked 75m. From there she went in her left direction and walked 30m to reach her friend’s house. How far her friend’s house is located with reference to her starting point,
a) 205 m b) 305 m c) 300 m d) 40√ 10 m e) 30 √10 m
Explanation: Using shortcut method:

2) A bus started from a bus station. It went 5 km in the East direction and then it took left and went 6 km. After that the bus went 10 km in the right, then took 6 km right again. Finally the bus went in the left turn 8 km. How far and in which direction the bus is now from it’s starting point?
a) 23 km, East b) 44 km, East c) 32 km, South
d) 23 km, South e) 43 km, South
Explanation: E(5) E(10) E(8)
= E(5+10+8) = E23.
The bus is in the East direction, 23 km.

3) A watch shows 4:30 (am/pm). If it’s minute hand points to West, then its hour hand will point to?
a) East b) West c) South – East
d) South – West e) North – East
Explanation: By rotating direction diagram in 90° anti clockwise, the minute hand will point West as well as hour hand will point South-West.

4) A Boy is facing South. He went 45° in the clockwise direction. From there he went 90° in anti-clockwise direction. Finally he went 180° in clockwise direction. In which direction is he facing now?
a) South-East b) South-West c) North-West
d) North-East e) South
Explanation:θ = 45°-90°+180° → θ =135°
.’. He is facing 135° clockwise direction from his starting direction South, i.e. North-West.

5) Ravi and Raju are friends. One day in the morning after sunrise they started from their home to meet each other. In a street they had seen to each other as they are walking in the opposite directions. Ravi observed that, the shadow of Raju had fallen to his left. Towards which direction is Ravi walking?
a) East b) West c) South d) North e) South-West
Explanation: Shadow of Raju had fallen to the left of Ravi. So, locate Ravi at South. Now, we can say Ravi is walking towards North direction.

Exercise

1) A man walks 8 km towards North. From there he turns right and walks 7 km. Again he turns right and walks 8 km. Now he turns left and walks 10 km. Again he turns left and walks 8 km. Now he turns right and walks 9 km. Again he turns right and walks 8 km. Find the distance and direction he is from the starting point?
a) 30 km, West b) 44 km, East c) 26 km, East
d) 2 km, East e) 30 km, East

2) A man walks 10 km towards South and then turns to the right. After walking 5 km he turns to the left and walks 6 km. Finally he turns to his right and walks 4 km. Now in which direction is he from starting point?
a) East b) South c) North-West
d) South-West e) West

3) Praveen a bank employee, goes to his office by walk daily. When he started walking, he was facing West. He turned to his right and walked 30m. Then he turned right and walked 20m. Then he turned to his right and walked 40m. Then he turned left and walked 15m. Finally he turned left and walked 10m. How far and in which direction he is now with reference to his starting point?
a) 105 m, East b) 35 m, East c) 53 m, South
d) 35 m, North e) 53 m, North

4) Two buses starts from the opposite places of two different bus stations, the distance between the stations is 200 km. The 200 km distance there is a main road. First bus runs for 35 km and takes a right turn and then runs 30 km. After that it turns left and runs another 40 km, from these it takes direction back to reach the main road. In the mean time, due to a minor break down the other bus has run only 50 km along the main road. What would be the distance between two buses at this present point?
a) 75 km b) 200 km c) 90 km d) 10 km e) 110 km

5) Shyam started from his house towards West. After 30 m, he turned to his right and walked 15 m, then he turned to his left and walked 15 m. After that he turned to his left and walked 40 m. Now he turned to his left and walked 7 m. Finally he turned to his left. In which direction is Shyam walking now?
a) East b) West c) North d) South
e) Can’t be determined

6) Raghu is facing towards East, he turned to his right and walked 40 m, then he turned right 30 m, after that he walked 20 m to his right then he turned 30 m to his right again. Finally he stopped walking. How far and in which direction is Raghu from his starting point?
a) 120 m East b) 30 m East c) 20 m West
d) 20 m South e) 40 m West

7) A school boy rides the bicycle towards his school which is in the North from his present point. He travelled 2 km after turning left, before that he travelled 3 km. Again he turned right and travelled 4 km. Then he turned right and travelled 5 km, from there he turned his right and travelled 4 km after that he took right and travelled 1 km. Finally he turned to his left and travelled some distance and reached to a point which is exactly at East direction from his starting point. Find the distance travelled by him in the final turn and find the distance between the starting point and the destination.
a) 3 km, 2 km b) 6 km, 5 km c) 7 km, 6 km
d) 6 km, 4 km e) none of these

8) For a competitive exam only 4 members attended. The examiner made them to sit in such a way that P sits West of Q and South of R, who sits East of S. Determine the direction of S from Q.
a) North b) North-West c) North-East
d) South-East e) cannot be determined

9) A man walks 2 km towards West, then he turns 3 km of to his left. From there he walks 10 km to his right. Finally he walks 2 km to his left and stops there. How far he is from the starting point?
a) 17 km b) 10 km c) 18 km d) 20 km e) none

10) Praveen is going to his office by car, he started his journey in the East direction. He went 10 km before turning to his right, then he went 5 km before turning to his right again. From there he went 5 km before turning to his right. Finally he travelled 15 km. Find the distance between his source and destination points as well as find the direction of destination with reference to the source point.
a) 15 km, North-East b) 5 √5, South c) 3√5, South d) 2√5, South
e) 5√5, North-East

11) An Insurance company agent searching for his client’s house. He went 80 m in the West before turning to his left. Then he went 60 m before turning to his left. Then he went 20 m before turning to his left again. Finally he went 140 m in his present direction. Finally he could find his client’s house. Find the direction and distance between his starting point and the house of his client.
a) 300 m, West b) 200 m, East c) 100 m, North-West d) 100 m, South e) cannot be determined

12) After walking 8 km, Sachin turned to the right and then walked 6 km. After that he turned to his left and walked 12 km. In the end, he was moving towards the North. From which direction did Sachin started his journey?
a)East b) West c) South
d) none of these e) cannot be determined

13) 5 Poles P, Q, R, S and T are located in such a way that T is to the East of Q. Q is to the South of R. P is to the West of Q. S is to the North of P and ∠RSP is equals to 90°. Then find the relative position of T from R?
a) North b) South c) West
d) North e) cannot be determined

14) 6 poles A, B, C, D, E and F are located in such a way that B is to the North of A and to the West of E. C is to the South of E and to the North of D. A is to the West of C. F is to the East of both B and E and North – East to the C. In which direction of B is D located?
a) North – East b) South c) South – West
d) South – East e) none of these

15) Kiran started his walk from his home to office. He started in the South direction and walked 6 m. From there he took 4 m right. Again he took right and walked 4 m before turning 8 m to his right. Then he took his left and walked 4 m, from there he took his right and walked 5 m, there after he turned to his left and walked 3 m. Then he took his left and walked 9 m and reached his office. What is the shortest distance from his home to office: And in which direction from his home, is his office located?
a) 5 m, North b) 2 m, East c) 2 m, South
d) 5 m, South e) cannot be determined

16) One morning Kavitha and Mamatha were talking to each other face to face at a crossing. If Kavitha’s shadow was exactly to the right of Mamatha, in which direction was Mamatha facing?
a) North – East b) South – East c) North
d) South e) North – West

17) If South becomes East, East becomes North and North becomes West and so on. What will West become?
a) North b) South c) North – East
d) South – East e) none of these

18) If North-East becomes South-East, North becomes West, South-East becomes South-West and West becomes South and so on. Then what North-West will become?
a) South-West b) South-East c) North-East
d) South e) East

19) If East becomes North-West, North-West becomes south, South becomes North – East and So on. Then what will North becomes?
a) South – West b) South c) East d) West
e) cannot be determined

20) One morning after sunrise, Raju stand between two poles namely PI and P2. Raju is facing PI and he turned 180° clock wise and his face is exactly opposite to P2. He observed that the shadow of P2 is exactly falling to his right. In which direction does P2 is located?
a) North b) East c) South
d) West e) cannot be determined

21) One day Madhav bought a new wall clock. He kept on the table in such a way that at 3 pm, hours hand points to North. Then in which direction does the minute hand points at 4:30 pm?
a) South b) East c) North d) North-East e) none

22) In a house wall clock and mirror are located to the two walls which are exactly opposite to each other. One day while going to office I had seen into the mirror. I could find that the time in the mirror is 3:00 am and the minute hand of the clock shows North. Then what is the actual time and in which direction the our hand points in the original clock.
a) 3 am, East b) 6 am, East c) 9 am, West
d) 6 pm, East e) cannot be determined

23) A watch shows 10:30 pm and its hour hand points North, then in which direction it’s minute hand points at 01:30 am?
a) North b) South c) South – East
d) South – West e) none

24) One evening before sunset Raju and Rashid were talking to each other face to face. If Raju’s shadow was exactly to the right of Rashid, in which direction was Rashid facing?
a) East b) West c) North-East
d) South-East e) North

25) One morning after sunrise A and B went for a walk and they are walking opposite to each other. A found that B’s shadow is falling neither to the left nor to the right of C who is walking in same path. In which direction (towards) does B is walking?
a)North b)South c)East d)West e)Data Inadequate

26) One morning after sunrise two friends sat in a park in such a way that their faces are not opposite but their backs are opposite to each other. The park watchman observed that the shadow of the first person is falling exactly to the right of the second person. In which direction does the second person is facing?
a) South b) East c) North d) West
e) Cannot be determined

27) Kalpana is facing North, she turned 45° clockwise then she turned 90° anticlockwise. From here she turned 135° in the same direction, then she turned 90° in clock wise direction. In which direction does she facing now?
a) South b) West c) South-East d) North e) East

28) One day Charan is going to school. He started walking in North direction, after walking some distance, he turned 45° clockwise, then 180° in the same direction. From there he turned 270° in anticlockwise direction. Finally in which direction is charan facing?
a) North-East b) North c) North-West
d) none of these e) cannot be determined

29) Kavitha is facing North-East, from there she turned 45° in the clockwise, then she turned 90° in the same direction. Now she turned 135° in the opposite direction of her present direction, then she turned 180° in the opposite direction of her present direction. Then she turned 90° in the anti clock wise direction and again she turned 90° in the same direction. Find her final direction in which she is facing?
a) North b) North-East c) South-East
d) South e) East

30) A traffic police is facing to East, he turned 35° in clockwise direction, After that he turned 10° in the same direction, from there he turned 180° to his left hand side. In which direction is he facing now?
a) North b) North-East c) South
d) South-East e) Cannot be determined

Explanation

Campus Recruitment – Logical Reasoning – Day Sequence/ Calendar

Concepts

In day sequence, questions will be asked on calendars to find a particular day of the week (or) a particular day of the given date. In order to solve these problems easily, you should have knowledge on calendar i.e. leap year, odd days etc.

Leap year: If the last two digits of a given year is perfectly divisible by 4 then that year is a leap year.
Example: 2016 is a leap year because last 2 digits
i.e. 16 is perfectly divisible by 4.

But a century year is not a leap year i.e. 100, 200,300,…. But every 4th century year is a leap year. i.e. 400, 800,1200,1600, 2000 etc.
A leap year has 366 days.
Examples:
(i) Each of the years 1764, 1028, 1948, 1676, 2004 etc is a leap year.
(ii) Each of the years 400, 800, 1200,1600, 2000, 2400 etc is a leap year.
(iii) The years 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 1900, 2100 are not leap years.

Ordinary year: The year that is not a leap year is called an ordinary year. An ordinary year has 365 days.
In order to solve the questions on calendars, we use a concept called ‘odd days’.

Odd day: The number of days more than a complete week are called odd days in a given period.
Lets discuss how to count the odd days in a given period.

Counting of odd days:
To find the number of odd days in a given period, we divide the total number of days with 7. The remainder obtained is the total number of odd days.

Examples:
1) How many odd days are there in 10 days.

2) How many odd days are there in 100 days.

3) How many odd days are there in an ordinary year? Explanation: An ordinary year has 365 days. So,

and 1 odd day. (365 days = 52 weeks + 1 day)
4) How many odd days are there in a leap year?

• Hence, in a leap year, there are 52 perfect week and 2 odd days. [366 days = 52 weeks + 2 days]

Note: Total number of odd days can be from 0 to 6 only.

Counting odd days for century years:
1) 100 years = 76 ordinary years + 24 leap years.
= (76 x1 + 24 x 2) odd days = 124 odd days
(Here 1 and 2 indicates number of odd days in an ordinary year and a leap year respectively)
124 odd days = 17 weeks + 5 days = 5 odd days.
Number of odd days in 100 years = 5
2) Number of odd days in 200 years = (5×2) = 3.
3) Number of odd days in 300 years =(5×3) = 1.
4) Number of odd days in 400 years = (5×4+1) = 0.
Similarly…, each one of 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 year etc has 0 (zero) odd days as they are multiples of 400.

Some Important points to remember:1) In every normal / ordinary year the first day (1st January) and the last day (31st December) are always same. For example, if January 1st is Monday then December 31st is also Monday.
2) In every leap year if the first day (January 1st) is Sunday, then last day (December 31st) will be it’s next day i.e. Monday.
3) In every year, tire calendar for the months April and July are always same.
4) For every’ 400 years, the day repeats. For example, it 14-Apri 1-1604 is Saturday, then 14-April- 2004 will also be Saturday.
5) The last day of a century’ cannot be either Tuesday or Thursday or Saturday.

Questions on day sequence/ calender are mainly 5 types.
1) Problems based on Total Day-Particular Day.
2) Problems based on Leap Year.
3) Problems based on Particular Date-Day.
4) Problems based on Same Calendar Year.
5) Problems based on Same Day-Date of the Month

Type-(l): Problems on Total Days and Particular Day:
In this type, particular day or date is given and you are required to find the day which will fall after/before some number of days or on particular other date which may be before/after the given day/date.

Approach to solve:
Step 1: Divide the given number of days by 7 and find the remainder, (or) If two dates are given, find the total number of days between them including the day of the second date and divide it by 7 to get the remainder.
Step 2: If the remainder obtained in the above step is 0 then the required day is same as the given day.
Step 3: If the remainder is 1 then the required day is the next day to the given day (or) if the remainder is 2 then the required day is two days after the given day and so on.
Example: If 15th August is Monday then on what day will come on 17th November?
Explanation: August month has 31 days. Number of days left over in August = 16.
September month has 30 days and October has 31 days.
So, the total number of days between 15th August and 17th November = 16 + 30 + 31 + 17 = 94. .
Odd days = 94/7 = 3 (remainder).
So, 17th November = 3 days after the given day
= Monday + 3 days = Thursday

Shortcut Approach to solve:
1) If you see the key words ‘after / later / hence’ in the question then use the below formula.
Required Day=Given Day + Total days/7 (remainder)
2) If you see the key words ‘ago! before’ in the question then use the below formula.
Required Day=Given Day + Total days/7 (remainder)

Examples: (1) If today is Tuesday, then what will be the day after 100 days?
Explanation: Here we have the keyword ‘after’.
So, Required day = Tuesday + 100/7 (remainder)
= Tuesday + 2 days = Thursday.
So, if today is Tuesday, then after 100 days it is Thursday.
2) If today is Sunday, then what day had fallen 200 days ago?
Explanation: Here we have the key word ’ago’.
So, Required day = Sunday-200/7(reminder)
=sunday-4days=wednesday

Tvpe-(2): Problems based on leap year.
In this type, a particular year is given and you are required to find its previous or next leap year.

Approach to solve:
1) To find the next leap year from the given year, add four (4) to the given year and check whether it is leap year. If not, then add ‘8’ to the given year to obtain it’s next leap year.
2) To find the previous leap year from the given year, subtract four (4) from the given year and check whether it is leap year. If it not leap year, then subtract 8 from the given year to obtain its previous leap year.
Examples:
1) What will be the next leap year after 2176?
Explanation: Here, we have to find leap year after 2176.
So, add 4 to the given year.

2180 is not a century year and divisible by 4. So, it is a leap year. Hence, the next leap year after 2176 is 2180.

2) What would be the previous leap year of 2176?
Explanation: We have to find previous leap year of 2176.
So, subtract 4 from the given year.

2172 is divisible by 4. So, it is a leap year.
.’. The previous leap year of the year 2176 is 2172.

Type-(3): Problems based on particular date and day: In this type of problem, a particular date is given, and you are required to find the day of the given date. To solve these kind of problems we use shortcut codes to years, months and days. They are as follows.

Steps to Solve: Example: 01-Jan-2016.
Step-1: Take the day number of the given date. i.e. 01.
Step-2: Take the month code of the given month from the above table i.e. January code is 1.
Step-3: Subtract 1 from the given year i.e. 16-1 = 15.
Step-4: Count how many leap years are there in 15. i.e. divide 15 by 4 and consider the quotient.
i.e.15/4=3( quotient)
Step-5: Take the year code of the given year. i.e. code for 2016 = 6 (Since, 2000 – 2099 = 6).
Step-6 : Add the values from step-1 to step-5 and dividethe result by 7 and find the remainder.

Based on the remainder obtained, the day of the given date can be determined from the below table.
(i.e Friday)

By combining all the above steps we can deduce a formula to find the day of a give date as shown below.

Where, D= Date
MC = Month code;
Last 2 digits = Last 2 digits of the year;
LP = Leap Years;
YC= Year Code;
Note: Leap Years (LP) = The quotient obtained when the (last two digits-1) of the year is divided by 4.

Type-(4): Problems on same calendar year:
In this type of problems, particular year is given. You are required to find which year will have the same calendar as that of the given year.
There are two methods to solve this kind of problems.
Method-1:
Example: Which year will have the same calendar year as 2007?
Step-1: If the given vear is an ordinary/ non leap year, write the years up to leap year beture and alter the given year.
i .e.. 2004, 2005, 200b, 200“, 2006.
Step-2 : Now remove the leap years. You are left with 3 consecutive years, i.e. 2005, 2006, 2007.
Step-3: Add the code (6) (11) (11) to the corresponding years

The sum corresponding to the given year is the required answer.
i.e. year 2018 will have same calender as 2007.
• If the given year is a leap year, then add 28 to get the required answer.
Example: Which year will have the same calendar year as 2008?
Explanation: The given year is a leap year.
So, 2008 + 28 = 2036.
The year 2036 will have the same calendar as 2008.

Method-2:
We can also find the answer using ‘odd days’ concept. Count the number of odd days from the given year onward till the sum of all odd days is an exact multiple of 7. Then take the next year (after the sum equals to multiples of 7) which will have the same calendar as that of the given year.
Example: Which year will have the same calendar as 2007?
Explanation: As we know leap year has 2 odd days and ordinary year has 1 odd day.

Sum = 14 = multiple of 7. So, consider the next year.
The next year of 2017 is 2018.
.’. 2018 will have the same year as that of 2007.

Type- (5): Problems on same day – dates of the month:
In this type, particular month and year along with a week day (i.e. Sunday to Saturday) is given. You are required to find the dates of the given month which will fall on the given week days.
For example, what dates of March 2011 is Saturday?
Approach to solve:
Step-1: Find the day of the first date of the month using
Type-(3) approach, i.e. The day of 01-March-2011.

Step-2: 01-March-2011 is Tuesday. Then Saturday will be on 05-March-2011. Next Saturday will be after 7 days. i.e. 12-March-2011,19-March-2011 and 26-March-2011.

Conceptual Examples

1) If today is Sunday, what was the day 150 days ago?
a) Monday b) Tuesday c) Sunday
d) Thursday e) Friday
Explanation: Here keyword ‘ago’.
So, Required day=Sunday-150/7 (remainder)
Required day = Sunday – 3 = Thursday, i.e. counting 3rd day from Sunday in reverse.

2) If 25-December-2013 is Wednesday, then what is the
day on 15-January-2016?
a) Friday b) Saturday c) Sunday
d) Wednesday e) Monday

3) Which year will have the same calendar as 2013?
a) 2020 b) 2019 c) 2018 d) 2017 e) 2016
Explanation: Write till leap years before and after the given year.
i.e. 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016.
Eliminate the leap years and add code (6) (11) (11). i.e. 2013 2014 2015 6 11 11 2019

The sum corresponding to the given year is the required answer, i.e. 2013 + 6 = 2019.

4) What is the next leap year after 2096?
a) 2100 b) 2098 c) 2144 d) 2099 e) 2104
Explanation: The year 2096 is a leap year. So, add 4 to 2096 to get the next leap year. i.e. 2096 + 4 = 2100 year. But 2100 is a century year. We know that a century year should be divisible by 400 to be a leap year. But 2100 is not exactly divisible by 400. So, it is not a leap year.
So, add 4 to 2100 i.e. 2100 + 4 = 2104.
The last two digits of the year 2104 is divisible by 4. So, it is a leap year. The next leap year after 2096 is 2104.

5) What week day was on 15-August-1947?
a) Sunday b) Monday c) Thursday
d) Friday e) Wednesday

Note: LP = Leap Years = 46/4 = 11

Exercise

1) If 15-March-2003 is Saturday, then find the day of the week on 23-January-2005?
a) Sunday b) Saturday c) Monday
d) Tuesday e) Wednesday

2) If 18-Februarv-l 996 is Wednesday, then 15-July-2000 is on which day of the v eek?
a) Friday b) Monday c) Tuesday
d) Wednesday e) Thursday

3) If 29-December-1972 is Friday then 22-April-1975 is on which day of the week?
a) Sunday b) Saturday c) Monday
d) Tuesday e) Wednesday

4) If 14-April-1984 is Monday, then 16-March-1987 is on which day of the week?
a) Monday b) Wednesday c) Saturday
d) Sunday e) Friday

5) If 18-May-2001 is Friday, then 05-March 2005 is?
a) Sunday b) Monday c) Wednesday
d) Thursday e) Saturday

6) A boy says his birthday is on 05-March. His brother’s birthday is on 28-September. If his birthday comes on Monday, find the day of the week on his brother’s birthday?
a) Tuesday b) Wednesday c) Thursday
d) Friday e) Saturday

7) Mary’s daughter birthday is on June-29, Sunday. Her husband’s birthday is on x-mass day. Find the day of the week on her husband’s birthday?
a) Wednesday b) Thursday c) Friday
d) Saturday e) Sunday

8) Swapna’s birthday was on Friday, 16-April-1986. Find the day of the week when her age is 15 years 4 months 5 days?
a) Sunday b) Thursday c) Monday
d) Wednesday e) Saturday

9) If 14-May-1978 is Thursday, then find the day of the week on 16-July-1980?
a) Wednesday b) Tuesday c) Sunday
d) Saturday e) Monday

10) If Santosh’s birthday is Wednesday, 18-Feb-2000. He started going to school on 27-March-20G5. Then find the day of the week on when he started going to school, a) Tuesday b) Thursday c) Saturday
d) Friday e) Saturday

11) Lai’s father’s retirement is on 16-January of a leap year. He started a business on 24-November of the same year. If his father’s retirement is on Friday. Find the day of the week on his business start up?
a) Sunday b) Thursday c) Saturday
d) Wednesday e) Friday

12) If Raju’s date of birth is 18-March-2002. How old is he by 17-April-2007?
a) 5 years 29 days b) 5 years 1 month 29 days
c) 5 years 30 days d) 5 years 2 months
e) 5 years 1 month 30 days

13) Amala bom on 27-July-1985. How old is she by 24-October-2007?
a) 22 years 4 months 5 days
b) 22 years 2 months 27 days
c) 22 years 3 months 3 days
d) 21 years 2 months 3 days
e) 22 years 2 months 25 days

14) Vimala bom on Monday, 26-April-1979. Find the day of week of her 24th birthday?
a) Saturday b) Sunday c) Tuesday
d) Wednesday e) Thursday

15) Ram Gopal celebrates his 25th birthday on Saturday, 15-May-2006. Asha is 4 years 2 months 6 days younger to Ram Gopal. Find the day of the week Asha born?
a) Wednesday b) Tuesday c) Monday
d) Sunday e) Friday

16) If in a calendar year, there are 541 days and 10 days a week. Then how many odd days will be there in that year?
a) 2 b) 4 c) 1 d) 6 e) 0

17) How many odd days are there in x weeks and x days and a week has 7 days.
a) 2 odd days b) x odd days c) 3 odd days
d) 3x odd days e) Cannot be determined

18) If on 01-January-2024 is Tuesday, what week day will become on 01-January-2030?
a) Tuesday b) Wednesday c) Thursday
d) Friday e) Saturday

19) Which of the following year is not a leap year?
a) 600 b) 2076 c)2000 d) 2084 e) All are leap

20) If My birthday was 08-May-1986. Find the week day of my birthday ?
a)Tuesday b) Wednesday c) Friday
d) Thursday e) Monday

21) If Sahithya bom exactly 2 years 2 months 2 days later than her sister Alekhya. If Alekhya’s birth date is 03-August-1992, then find the week day of Sahithya’s birth date.
a) Monday b) Tuesday c) Wednesday
d) Friday e) Thursday

22) On what dates of Jan 2014 becomes Sunday?
a) 5th, 12th, 19th, 26th b) 6th, 13th, 20th, 27th
c) 8th, 15th, 22nd, 29th d) 10th, 17th, 24th, 31th
e) Cannot be determined

23) If Sudha Jennifer bom on Sunday. What week day will become after 100 years of her birthday?
a) Saturday b) Sunday c) Friday
d) Wednesday e) Monday

24) Which year will have the same calendar as 2020?
a) 2048 b)2082 c)2042 d) 2043
e) Cannot be determined

25) Which year will have the same calendar as 1998?
a) 2014 b) 2010 c)2008 d)2009 e)2013

26) If on 5th April 2015 is Sunday, then what day will becomes on 5th April 2016?
a) Tuesday b) Wednesday c) Thursday
d) Friday e) Same day

27) If 26th March 2013 is Tuesday, then what day will become on 14th October 2013?
a) Sunday b) Monday c) Tuesday
d) Wednesday e) Thursday

28) If today is Monday, what day it was 126 days ago from day after tomorrow?
a) Monday b) Sunday c) Wednesday
d) Thursday e) Saturday

Explanations

Campus Recruitment – Logical Reasoning – Seating Arrangement

Concepts

Seating arrangement or complex arrangement is one of most important topic for Campus Recruitment tests.
In this type of questions, information about the seating arrangement of the persons or things is given in the form of a puzzle. You have to arrange the things in proper seating order by understanding the given logical statements and answer the question that follow. Problems on seating arrangement are mainly two types. They are
1) Linear arrangement
2) Circular arrangement

1) Linear arrangement: In this type, there exists left end and right end of the seating. This arrangement looks like a row or a line.

Here, right side of ’A’ are B, C, D, E, F and left side of ‘A’ is no one.

2) Circular Arrangement: In this type, it is not possible to say what is right end and left end (or) starting or ending points.

Tips to solve:
1) Read the given information and find an initial clue which is origin of the information.
2) If a statement does not give any clue to arrange, then note it down for further use. Use that information whenever it is required for proper arrangement.
3) Do not assume any condition on your own while solving the problem.
4) Be careful while choosing the correct clue to start.
5) If you sec the word like who or which then consider the second person in place of who/ which.
Example: Consider the statement, ‘G’ sits exactly opposite to B who is immediate right of ‘H’.
In this statement, the word who refers to B.
6) If you see the word and/ is/ but then consider first person in place of these words.
Example: Consider the statement, ‘A is opposite to B and is sitting on the left of C.
In this statement, the word and refers to A.

Conceptual Examples

(I) 5 friends namely A, B, C, D, E are sitting in a row but not in the same order. D is not the neighbor of either A or E. E is not at the center. B sits at one end and third to the right of E (All are facing North).

1) Who sits exactly in the middle of the row?
a) E b) D c) B d) C e) none of these

2) Who sits at extreme ends?
a) CD b) EC c) DC d) EB e) AB

3) What is the position of B with reference to A?
a) 4th right b) 4lh left c) 3rd left d) 3rd right e) 2nd right

4) In which of the following pairs, first person sits immediate right of second person?
a) AE b) EC c) CD d) BD e) none of these

5) Who are the neighbors of C?
a) AE b) ED c) BD d) CD e) None
Explanation: In the given information, last point gives us a clue. i.e. B sits at one end and third to the right of E. B cannot be at left end because E should be left of B which is not possible. So, B sits at right end. D is not the neighbor of either A or E. So, D should sit at immediate left of B. C should sit at the center. Finally A sits at left end.

1) d; C sits in the middle of the row.
2) e; A and B sits at extreme ends.
3) a; The position of ‘B’ with reference to ‘A’ is 4th right.
4) d; In the given pairs only B sits immediate right of D.
5) b; The neighbor of ‘C are E and D.

(II) Six persons of family P, Q, R, S, T, U are sitting around a circular table to have dinner but not in the same order. P sits opposite to Q and immediate right of R. T is not the neighbor either P or U. Q sits second to the right of S and immediate left of U. S sits between T and P.
1) Who sits to the immediate left of Q?
a) T b) U c) R d) S e) P

2) Who are neighbors of U?
a) SP b) TS c) QR d) PR e) TR

3) In which of the following pair, second person sits immediate right of first person?
a) QU b) RU c) QT d) TS e) None of these

4) In which of the following pairs, first person sits between second and third person?
a) SPR b) TSQ c) QUR d) TSP e) RUQ

5) If we interchange the positions of S and U, T and R, P and Q then who who sits to the immediate right of P?
a) S b) Q c) U d) T e) R
xplanation: There is a clue in the first point itself, i.e. ‘P is opposite to Q and P is immediate right ofR’. Starting with this clue, we can arrange all the persons.
Observe the diagram below.

1) a; T sits immediate left of Q.
2) c; Q and R are the neighbors of U.
3) a; U sits immediate right of Q.
4) b; T sits between S and Q.
5) a; After interchanging the positions, will be immediate right of

Exercise

Read the following information carefully and answer the questions that follow.

(I) Eight friends are sitting around a circular table facing the center. Their names are A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H.
• G sits opposite to B who is immediate right of H.
• E sits between A and H but not opposite to F.
• D is not neighbor of either G or E.
• C sits exactly opposite to E.
• F is not immediate neighbor of B.
1) Who sits exactly opposite to A?
a) F b) G c) D d) B e) E
2) In the following pairs, who are the neighbors of E?
a) BH b) AH c) GH d) CF e) DH
3) Which person sits exactly middle of B and E?
a) F b) H c) D d) G e) A
4) If the positions of A and G, H and E, D and B, C and F are interchanged then who sits third to the right of C?
a) B b) A c) D d) H e) F
5) Which of the given statement is superfluous ?
a) (i) b) (ii) c) (iii) d) (iv) e) All are required

(II) 9 friends, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I are staying in 3 different floors of an apartment. Each floor has 3 plots sequentially.
• G stays in the first floor and not adjacent to either D or E.
• B and H will not stay in the same floor.
• Neighbors of B are A and C. C stays in next floor of E who lives in the second floor.
• I’s plot is to the second left of H’s plot in first floor.
• B stays two floors above to G; G’s plot and B’s plot are in the same column.
• F is in second plot in the second floor from left end.
• D stays above to the I’s floor and plot.

6) Who stays below to A’s plot?
a) F b) D c) E d) B e) C

7) In which of the following floors, G do not stay?
a) 1 and 2 b) 2 and 3 c) 1 and 3
d) none of these e) Cannot be determined

8) Who are the neighbors of F in the same floor?
a) DA b) CE c) DE d) IH e) none of these

9) Which of the following group of persons stay in the same floor?
a) AGI b) BFG c) CEH d) EDF e) ABE

10) Which of the given statement is superfluous?
a) First b) Second c) Third d) Fifth e) Seven

(III) Nine friends P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X are sitting on a bench in a class facing to the teacher. Q sits exactly middle of the bench. X sits at the left end and to the second left of S. Neither P nor R is the neighbor of X or S. W sits third to the left of R and third to the right of S. U sits between S and Q. P is not neighbor of T but neighbor R at R’s immediate left.

11) Who sits at right end of the bench?
a) P b) R c) X d) T e) V

12) Who has ‘W’ to his immediate left?
a) Q b) P c) S d) V e) none of these

13) In the following, all groups follow a particular rule except one. Find out which group does not follow?
a) XS b) SQ c) QV d) VR e) TS

14) If the positions of first and last, second and second last, third and third last and so on starting from left end are interchanged, who will sit second to the right of second person from right end?
a) X b) S c) V d) P e) no one

15) The persons who sit at even positions are interchanged with their immediate left persons. Then who sits in the middle of the bench?
a) U b) W c) T d) P e) Cannot be determined

(IV) Seven friends P, Q, R, S, X, Y and Z are sitting around a circle. Except X all other are sitting at equal distances from each other. R is sitting at two places right from S, who is an immediate right of Q. P is at an angle of 90° from X and at an angle of 120° from Q who is just opposite to R and sitting right of X. Z is opposite to Y and left of X.

16) Who sits at 30° left from X?
a) P b) Z c) Q d) Y e) R –

17) Who sits exactly opposite to X?
a) R b) Q c) S d) Z e) None

18) How many degrees distance between Z and Y?
a) 90° b) 30° c) 60° d) 180° e) Cannot be determined

19) Who is the 3rd right of Z?
a) S b) X c) R d) Y e) none

20) How many persons sits between R and Y starting From R right side?
a) 6 b) 5 c) 4 d) 0 e) none of these

(V) Four families have attended a party. Each family consists of a husband and a wife. Names of male persons are A, B, C, D and names of female person are P, Q, R, S. All are sitting around a table which is in square shape, facing to the center in such a way that no two male persons or no two female persons sit adjacent to each other. All female members sit at middle of four sides and all male members sits at the corners of the table. C sits exactly opposite to D and immediate right of Q. Every female person sits right side of her husband. Either R or P is not the wife of C. Q is wife of B and sits opposite to P.

21) Whose wife is R?
a) B b) C c) A d) D e) none of these

22) Who is the husband of P?
a) D b) B c) A d) C e) Cannot be determined

23) Who sits exactly opposite to S?
a) R b) Q c) A d) D e) B

24) What is the angle between R and Q?
a) 30° b) 120° c) 90° d) 180° e) Cannot be determined

25) Which is the odd pair in the following?
a) D-R b) B-Q c) C-S d)A-P e) D-P

(VI) Six friends A, B, C, D, E, F study six different subjects viz., Telugu, Hindi, English, Malayalam, Kannada and Tamil. They sit around a circular table facing to center, but not necessarily in the same order. E studies Hindi and is the second right of the person who study the Kannada. B sits exactly opposite to C who study Telugu. D is not neighbor of either B or A but studies Malayalam. The person who study English sits second to the left of the person who study Malayalam and immediate left of E. A does not study Kannada.

26) Who study Kannada?
a) A b) B c) E d) D e) F

27) The neighbors of the person who study Telugu are?
a) AD b) ED c) BE d) FA e) none of these

28) Who sits exactly opposite to the person who study Malayalam?
a) A b) F c) D d) B e) E

29) All the pairs in the below choices follow a particular rule except one, find out such pair.
a) EA b) BC c) FD d) DB e) none of these

30) If we Interchange only subjects of the persons who study Telugu with Kannada, Kannada with Hindi, Hindi, with Telugu and so on. Then what subject will A study?
a) Malayalam b) English c) Hindi d) Tamil e) Telugu

(VII) Read the following information carefully and answer the questions that follow
Jayant, Kamal, Namita, Asha will get an item for his/her birthday out of Bengali sweets. They have their birth dates from January to May, each member in one of these months. Each one likes one particular item for his/her birthday out of Bengali sweets, Chocolates, Pastries, Ice Cream and Dry Fruits. The one who likes Pastries is bom in the month which is exactly middle in the months given. Asha does not like Ice cream but brings Chocolates for Jayant in February. Tanmay who is found of Bengali sweets is bom in the next month immediately after Namita. Namita does not like Dry fruits or Ice cream.

31) What is the choice of Asha?
a) Pastries b) Dry fruits
c) Bengali sweets d) Cannot be determined

32) Which of the following combinations is true for Jayant?
a) March – Pastries b) February – Pastries
c) February – Ice cream d) none

33) What is the choice of Kamal?
a) Ice cream b) Bengali sweets
c) Dry fruits d) Cannot be determined

34) In which month was Kamal born?
a) January b) May
c) January or May d) Data inadequate

(VIII) A, B, C, D, E and F stand for 6 ranks from 1 to 6 according to their hfeights not necessarily be in the same order.
(i) A, D are in the middle of the sequence.
(ii) B is the successor of C.
(iii) C, E are the first and last ranks.

35) Who is 4th ranker?
a) A b) B
c)C d) D

36) Who is 5th ranker?
a) F b) B
c)C d) E

37) Who is 3rd ranker?
a) A b) B
c)C d) D

38) Who is the tallest?
a) B b) C
c) D d) E

(IX) Harsha, Gopal, Vishnu, Vimala, Smitha and Indhu are teaching the subjects geography, history, English, mathematics, physics and chemistry not in the same order from 10 am. to 12 am. in an institution from Monday to Saturday.
(i) One teaches one subject on one day.
(ii) Smitha teaches English on Thursday or Saturday.
(iii) Vimala teaches physics or history on Friday or Saturday.
(iv) Vishnu neither teaches chemistry nor geography. But he teaches on Monday.
(v) Indhu teaches history on Tuesday.
(vi) Gopal teaches English or geography on Friday.

39) What Harsha teaches and on which day?
a) Physics, Monday b) Maths, Saturday
c) Chemistry, Wednesday d) History, Friday e) Geography, Thursday.

40) Vishnu teaches __on__ .
a) Mathematics, Monday b) English, Thursday
c) History, Tuesday d) Chemistry, Saturday
e) Physics, Friday

41) Gopal teaches which subject on which day?
a) Mathematics, Saturday b) Geography, Friday c) English Literature, Monday d) Physics, Wednesday e) History, Thursday

42) Who teaches Physics and on which day?
a) Smitha, Monday b) Vishnu, Tuesday
c) Harsha, Wednesday d) Gopal, Thursday
e) Vimala, Saturday

43. Who teaches English and on which day?
a) Indhu, Saturday b) Gopal, Wednesday
c) Harsha, Friday d) Smitha, Thursday
e) Vishnu, Monday

(X) There are six lecturers A, B, C, D, E and F in a college. Every lecturer teaches two subjects, one compulsory subject and one optional subject. D’s optional subject is History while three others have it as compulsory subject. E and F have Physics as one of their subjects. F’s compulsory subject is Mathematics which is an optional subject of both C and E. History and English are A’s subjects, but in terms of compulsory and optional subjects, they are just reverse of those of D’s . Chemistry is an optional subject of only one of them. The only female lecturer in the college has English as her compulsory subject.

44) What is C’s compulsory subject?
a) History b) Physics c) Chemistry d) English

45) Who is a female member in the group?
a) A b) B c) C d) D

46) Which of the following has same compulsory and optional subjects as of F’s ?
a) D b) E c) A d) none of these

47) Disregarding what is compulsory and what is optional subject, who has the same combination of two subjects as that of F?
a) A b) B c) E d) D

48) Which of the following groups has History as the compulsory subject?
a) A, C, D b) B, C, D c) C, D d) A, B, C

(XI) Read the following information carefully and answer the questions below it.
Madhu and Shobha are good in Dramatics and Computer Science.
Anjali and Madhu are good in Computer Science and Physics.
Anjali, Poonam and Nisha are good in Physics and Mathematics.
Nisha and Anjali are good in Physics and Mathematics. Poonam and Shobha are good in History and Dramatics.

49) Who is good in Computer Science, History and Dramatics?
a) Anjali b) Madhu c) Shobha d) Nisha

50) Who is good in Physics,. Dramatics and Computer Science?
a) Shobha b) Poonam c) Madhu d) Anjali

51) Who is good in Physics, History and Dramatics?
a) Poonam b) Shobha c) Madhu d) Anjali

52) Who is good in History, Physics, Computer Science and Mathematics?
a) Poonam b) Nisha c) Madhu d) None

53) Who is good in Physics, History and Mathematics but not in Computer Science?
a) Madhu b) Nisha c) Poonam  d) Anjali

Explanations

1) c; D sits exactly opposite to A.

2) b; The neighbors of E are A and H.

3) b; H sits exactly middle of B and E

4) d; After interchange, H will be third right of C.

5) c; Statement-(iii) is not require to arrange properly.

6) b; D stays below of A’s plot.

7) b; G stays in 1st floor, so he will not stay in 2nd and 3rd floor.

8) c; F stays in the 2nd floor and his neighbors are D, E.

9) d; E, D and F stay in the same floor.

10) e; Statement-(vii) is not necessary to solve this question.

11) b; R sits at the right end of the bench.
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12) d; W is immediate left of V.

13) e; Except TS all are arranged in alternate positions.

14) e; After interchanging, there will be no person at the 2nd right of 2nd person from right end.

15) a; After interchanging, W is in the middle of bench.

16) b; Z sits at 30 left from X.

17) e; No one sits exactly opposite to X.

18) d; Z and Y are at 180° distance to each other.

19) a; 3rd right of Z is S.

20) b; Total number of persons between R and Y from R’s right side = 5.

21) d; R is the wife of D.

22) c; A is the husband of R

23) a; R sits exactly opposite to S.

24) c; The angle between R & Q is 90°.

25) e; D-P is an odd pair.

26) e; F studies Kannada.

27) a; The neighbors of C, who study Telugu are A & D.

28) b; D studies Malayalam, the opp person to ‘D’ is F.

29)d; Except DB, all pairs are opposite to each other.

30) a; After interchanging positions in anti-clockwise, ‘A’ gets Malayalam

Campus Recruitment – Logical Reasoning – Coding Decoding

Concepts

A code is a system of words, letters or signs which is used to represent a message in secret form. Coding and Decoding test is to examine the student’s ability to identify the rule interpreted and decode the given message.

Approach to solve the questions:
1. You will be given two messages, one is original message and another one is coded message.
2. You have to compare each element of the original message with corresponding element of coded message. There after try to identify the rule in which coded message is formed.
3. Using the identified rule you can easily answer the question asked.

Types of Coding-Decoding:
(I) Letter Coding: In this type of coding, the original alphabets of the given word are replaced by certain other alphabets based on specific rule to form its code. You have to detect the hidden rule and answer the questions accordingly.
Examples:(1) In a certain code language,’COLLEGE’ is written as ‘GSPPIKI’ then how will ‘GROUPS’ be written in that code?
Explanation: Each letter of the word is moved four steps forward to obtain the code. So, GROUPS will be coded as KVSYTW.

2) ‘ZYXW’ as coded as ‘ABCD’ then STUV’ is coded as.
Explanation: Here each letter is coded with its opposite letter, i.e. Z – A, Y – B, X – C, W – D.
Similarly, S – H, T – G, U – F, V – E.

3) ‘bcd’ is coded as ‘def then ‘true’ is coded as.
Explanation: Here every letter is moved two steps forward, i.e. b (+2) →d, c (+2)→ e, d (+2) →f.
Similarly,t→v,r→t,u→w,e→g.
So, the answer is ‘vtwg .

4)’Hyderabad’ is coded as ‘ixedszcze’ then ‘chennai’ is coded as?
Explanation:Here the letters are alternatively increasing and decreasing by 1.

So, chennai will be coded as dgfmozj.

(II) Number Coding: in this type of coding, alphabets are assigned to the numbers or numerical code values are assigned to a word or alphabets. You have to compare the given codes to answer the questions.
Example:1) If READ is coded as 7421 and BOOK is coded as 8335, then how would you encode BOARD?
Explanation: The alphabets are coded as follows.
R E A D       B O O K
7  4  2  1       8  3 3  5
From the above codes, we can say, B is coded as 8, O is coded as 3, A is coded as 2, R is coded as 7, D is coded as 1. Hence, BOARD is coded as 83271.

(III) Substitution: In this type, the names of objects are substituted with different names. We should carefully trace the substitution to answer the questions.
Example:1) In a certain code language, ‘book’ is coded as ‘pencil’, ‘pencil’ is coded as ‘mirror’, ‘mirror’ is coded as ‘board’. Then what is useful to write on a paper?
Explanation: We use pencil to write on a paper but here pencil is coded as mirror. So, the answer is mirror.

2) In a certain language, ‘man’ is called as ‘woman’, ‘woman’ is called as ‘girl’, ‘girl’ is called as ‘boy’, ‘boy’ is called as ‘worker’. Then in the same language what does a 6 year old female is called?
Explanation: In general language, 6 years old female is called as girl. But in the given coded language ‘girl’ is called as ‘boy’. So, the answer is ‘boy’.

(IV) Mixed Letter/ Number Coding: In this type, few sentences are given in a code language. Based on that you are asked to find the code for a particular given word(s). To answer such questions, you have to compare the two messages and deduce the common words and its corresponding codes. Analyze the entire message until the code for the given word is found.
Example: 1) In a certain code language ‘pqost ygx mnlia’ is coded as ’manager is there’; ’xyrs kixt ygx’ is coded as ’clerk is here’; ‘ygx srtv pqost’ is coded as ‘manager is genius’. Then what is the corresponding code for ‘there’.
Explanation:
pqost  ygx  mnlia → manager is there —-(1)
xyrs  kixt  ygx → clerk is here —-(2)
ygx  srtv  pqost→ manager is genius— (3)
From (1) and (2), common word is ’is’ and common code is ‘ygx’. i.e. ‘is’ → ‘ygx.
Similarly, from (1) and (3), manager is coded as pqost. Substitute the codes of ’manager’ and ’is’ in (1), we get, ’there’ is coded as ‘mnlia’. Hence, mnlia is the answer.

2)In a certain code language, ‘2 4 7’ means ‘spread red carpet’; ’2 3 6’ means ‘dust one carpet’ and ‘2 3 4’ means ‘one red carpet’. Then what is the code for the word ‘spread’?
Explanation: 2 4 7→ spread red carpet —(1)
2 3 6 → dust one carpet— (2)
2 3 4→ one red carpet —(3)
Comparing (1) and (3), we get, ‘red carpet’ means 2 4. Hence, ‘spread’ means 7.

Conceptual Examples

1) In a certain code, CONCEPT is written as TQFDOPC. Then how VICTORY is written in the same code?
a) YROTCIV b) RYOTCIV c) IVCTORY
d) YSPUDJV e) VSPUDJY
Explanation: In the given code, the letters of the word CONCEPT are reversed. After reversing except first and last letters, remaining all letters are moved one step forward to obtain the code. In the similar manner, VICTORY is coded as YSPUDJV.

2) If in a code language, JUMP is written as ITLO and COPIER is written as BNOHDQ, then how will CAMPUS be written is that code?
a) SUPMAC b) ACPMSU c) BZLOTR
d) DBNQVT e) BLORTZ
Explanation: Each letter in the word is moved one step backward to obtain the corresponding code. In the same way, CAMPUS is coded as BZLOTR.

3) In a certain code, DANGER is written as BCLICT. In the same code, ORACLE will be written as?
a) MTYEJG b) MPYEJG c) MTXCJG
d) GJEYTM e) none of these
Explanation: The letters at odd position are moved two steps backward and those at even position are moved two steps forward to obtain the corresponding letters of the code. Hence, option-a is correct choice.

4) In a certain code language, SUCCESS is written as 6344866 and NATIVE is written as 279508, then what will be the code for SENSITIVE ?
a) 681659508 b) 632659503 c) 683659508
d)648659504 e)682659508
Explanation: The alphabets are coded as shown below.

From the above codes, we can write SENSITIVE as 682659508, which is option-e.

5) In a certain code language, 26891 is written as EGKPT, and 3457 is written as RUAL. Then how 58946 is written in that code?
a) AKPUG b) GUPKA c) AKUPG
d) AKPGU e) none of these
Explanation: Numbers are coded as shown below.

.’. 58946 is coded as AKPUG; Option-a is correct choice.

6) In a certain code language blue is called green, green is called yellow, yellow is called white, white is called red, red is called purple, purple is called orange. Then what is the color of milk ? ”
a) White b) Red c) Green d) Orange e) Purple
Explanation: Actually the color of milk is white. But in the given language, white is called red. So, answer is ‘red’.

7) In a certain code language, all the two wheeler vehicles are called buses, all the buses are called books, all the books are called trees, all the trees are called pens. Then what we use to read?
a) Books b) Pens c) Trees d) Buses e) none of these
Explanation: We use books to read but in the given language books are called trees. So, the answer is trees.

8) In a certain language, ‘si po re’ means ’he is good’, ’ti na re’ means ‘she is bad’/ka si’ means ‘he can’and’de ti’ means ‘she play’. Then what should stand for ‘play is can’ in the same language?
a) ka de re b) ti po ka c) ka re na d) de si re e) Cannot be determined
Explanation: From statement-1 and 2, we can say, common word is ‘is’ and the common code is ‘re’. So, the code for ‘is’ is ‘re .
From statement-1 and 3, common word is ‘he’ and common code is ‘is’. Then ‘ka’ means ‘can’.
From statement-2 and 4, common word is ‘she’ and common code is ‘ti’. So, code for ‘play’ is ‘de’.
:. ‘play is can’ is coded as ‘de re ka’ which is option-a.

9) In a certain code language, ‘col tip mot’ means ‘dancing is appreciable’, ‘mot baj min’ means ‘singing is good’ and ‘tip nop baj’ means ‘singing and dancing’. Then what does ‘good’ mean in the same language?
a) min b) mot c) baj d) tip e) nop
Explanation: From statement-1 and 2, we can say ‘is’ is coded as ’mot’. From statement-2 and 3, we can say ‘singing’ is coded as ‘baj’. By substituting above two in statement-2 we get the code for ‘good’ as ‘min’. Hence, option-a is the correct choice.

10) In a certain code language, 7 8 6’ means ‘study very hard’, ‘9 5 8’ means ‘hard work pays’ and ‘6 4 5’ means ‘study and work’. Then what is the code for ‘very’?
a) 6 b) 8 c) 7 d) Can’t be determined e) None
Explanation: From statement-1 and 2: 8 →’hard’.
From statement-1 and 3: 6 → ‘study’.
Thus, from statement-1: 7 → ‘very’.
Hence, option-c is the correct choice.

11) MANAGER is coded as ‘klyzlmyzefcdpij’, then TYPIST is coded as?
a) rsxyxohgqrrs b) rswxnoghqrrs c) stxyxohgqrrs
d) stwxuogwqrr e) rswxxohgqrrs
Explanation: The word MANAGER has 7 letters, where as the code has 14 letters. It means each letter in MANAGER is coded with 2 letters.
M is coded as kl; A is coded as yz ; N is coded as Im.
It means one capital letter is coded with two previous small letters. Similarly, TYPIST is coded as follows. TYPIST

12) ORANGE is coded as ‘LOXKDB’ then GRAPES is coded as?
a) DOYMBP b) DOXNBP c) DOXMBP
d) DPXMBP e) DOXMBQ
Explanation:

In the same way, GRAPES coded as ‘DOXMBP’.

13) MONEY is coded as ‘Innpmodjxz’ then RUPEE is , coded as ?
a) qstvoqdfdf b) qsvtoqdtdf c) qstvqodfdf
d) qstvoqtdfd e) qstvoqtddf
Explanation: Here, M is the middle letter of l and n. O is middle letter of n and p. Like wise all other letters. MONEY

Similarly, ‘RUPEE’ is coded as ‘qs tv oq dfdf.

14) ‘NIGRE’ is coded as ‘ADOQC’ then ‘ENGINEER’ is I coded as?
a) CAODCACQ b) CADOACCQ c) CAODACQC
d) CODACACQ e) CAODACCQ
Explanation: Given that, N is coded as A, I is coded as D, G is coded as O, R is coded as Q and E is coded as C. From the above data, ‘ENGINEER’ can be coded as ‘CAODACCQ’.

15) ‘LEAVE HIM’ is coded as ‘JCYTC FGK’. Then ‘CATCH URGENTLY’ is coded as?
a) AXRYG SPECLRJW b) AYRAF SPECLRJW
c) AXRYF SPECMRJW d) AYRAF SRDCLPJW
e) AYRAG SPDCLRJW,
Explanation.:

Every letter is coded with its 2nd previous letter. Similarly, CATCH URGENTLY is coded as,

CATCH URGENTLY is coded as ‘AYRAF SPECLRJW’.

Exercise

1)In a certain code language ‘SURVEY’ is coded as ‘TWUZJE’ and ‘APPLY’ is coded as ‘BRSPD’. Then how does ‘WISDOM’ be coded in that language?
a) XKTHTS b) XKVHTS c) YLISUV
d) YLISVU e) Cannot be determined

2) In a certain code language, CAT=8, POST=17, then what will be code for INDIA?
a) 25 b) 7 c) 5 d) Cannot be determined e) None

3) In a certain code language, ‘MOTIVATION’ is written as ‘VITOMNOITA’ and ‘DECODING’ is written as ’OCEDGNID’. Then how ‘FACEBOOK’ will be written in that language?
a) KOOBFACE b) KOOBECAF c) ECAFKOOB
d) ECAFBOOK e) Cannot be determined

4) In a certain code language, ‘lily’ is called ‘rose’, ‘rose’ is called ‘gladiola’, ‘gladiola’ is called ‘lotus’ and ‘lotus’ is called ‘poppy’ and ‘poppy’ is called ’sunflower’. Then which is the king of flowers?
a) sunflower b) poppy c) rose
d) gladiola e) none of these

5) In a certain code language, all the animals which can live in water are called snakes and those which fly in sky are called swimmers and those which can walk are called hunters and those animals who crawl are called flying. Then what will a tortoise be called?
a) swimmers b) snakes c) hunters
d) flying e) none of these

6) In a certain code language, ‘kings’ are ‘queens’, ‘queens’ are ‘aces’, ‘aces’ are ‘jacks’, ‘jacks’ are ‘spades’, ’spades’ are ’diamonds’, ‘diamonds’ are called ‘kings’. Then who is the lady supreme in the kingdom?
a) aces b) diamonds c) kings d) queens e) jacks

7) In a certain code language, ‘CHILD’ is coded as ’32546′, ‘MODEL’ is coded as 17684′, then ‘OLEIC’ is coded as?
a) 74213 b) 45321 c) 77853 d) 74853 e) 35847

8) If in a certain code language, ‘186’ is coded as I love India’, ‘983’ is coded as ‘India has culture’, ‘346’ is coded as ‘we love culture’. Then the code for ’we’ and “I” is.
a) 9,1 b) 4, 8 c) 9, 8 d) 4,1 e) 1, 4

9) In a certain code language, ‘423’ is coded as ’Hyderabad is beautiful’, ‘735’ is coded as ‘Beautiful flower pleasant’, ‘524’ is coded as ‘Hyderabad is pleasant’. Then the code for ’beautiful’ and ’pleasant’ are?
a) 5, 3 b) 3, 5 c) 5, 2 d) 5,4 e) 2, 5

10) ‘456’ means ‘she is beautiful’. ‘632’ means ‘he is handsome’. ‘517’ means ‘she works hard’, ‘486’ means ‘flower is beautiful’. Then codes of ‘flower’ and ‘is’ are?
a) 4,5 b) 2, 7 c) 8,6 d) 6, 7 e) 1,8

11) If ‘RELATION’ is written as ‘OFMBUJPS’. Then how ‘IMPORTANT’ is written?
a) JNQPSUBOU b) FNQPSUBOU c) UNQPSUBOJ
d) FNQPSUBOR e) None of these

12) If ‘ORKUT’ is coded as ’LIPFG’. How can ‘TUMBLR’ be coded?
a) RLBMUT b) GFNYOI c) IOYNFG
d) RBLMUT e) RBMLUT

13) In a certain language, ’DIRECTOR’ is coded as ‘IDERTCRO’, then how ‘CHAMPION’ is coded in that language?
a) HACMNOPI b) HCMNOPIA c) HCMAIPON
d) HCMAIPNO e) None of these

14) Which of the following words correctly decode the words ‘TBIZLJB’ if the simple alphabet shifting code is used?
a) ARTISTS b) FORWARD c) WELCOME
d) Cannot be determined e) None of them

15) Which of the following words correctly decode the word ‘EKWTIO’ if the simple alphabet shifting code is used?
a) CODING b) ANSWER c) OPTIONS
d) GROUPS e) PAPERS

Directions (16-20): Observe the coded language given below and answer the questions that follow.
In a certain code language.
A. ‘ju tu ne’ means ‘rain is heavy’
B. ‘ka ne da means ‘summer is hot’
C. ‘paa ble ka’ means ‘winter was hot’
D. ’tho pic joo’ means ‘clever student reads’
E. ‘sue tu qle’ means ‘rain drops fall’
F. ‘ble qle tho’ means ‘winter drops clever’

16) What is the code for ‘was’?
a) ble b) paa c) ka
d) can’t be determined e) none of these

17) What is the code for fall’? .
a) sue b) qle c) tho d) tu e) none of these

18) What is the code for ‘reads’?
a) pic b) joo c) tho d) either ‘pic’ or ‘joo’
e) none of these

19) What is the code for ‘winter heavy rain’ ?
a) ble ka ju b) ju tue qle c) ju tu ble
d) sue tu pic e) none of these

20) What is the code for ‘summer is clever’?
a) da tho ne b) pic sue ble c) ble tu ne
d) ble sue ne e) can’t be determined.

Directions (21-25): Observe the coded language given below and answer the questions that follow.
In a certain code language,
A. 7462′ means ‘you are very intelligent’;
B. ‘2357’ means ‘they seem very intelligent’;
C. ‘491’ means ‘you can see’;
D. ‘0852’ means Tiow intelligent they is’;
E. ‘896’ means ‘is can are’;

21) What is the code for ‘see’?
a) 1 b) 9 c) 4 d) 6 e) cannot be determined

22) What will be the decode of the digit ‘0’?
a) they b) how c) is
d) intelligent e) Cannot be determined

23) What will be the decode of the digit ‘2’?
a) seem b) they c) intelligent
d) very e) none of these

24) What will be the code for ‘they can see’?
a) 915 b) 916 c) 718
d) 719 e) Can’t be determined

25) What will be the code for ‘how very is’?
a) 714 b) 836 c) 807
d) Cannot be determined e) 208

26) “SURVEY’ is coded as ‘TTSUFX’ then ‘WISDOM’ is coded as?
a) XHTCPL b) XHTEPL c) XHRCPL
d) XHTCNL e) XHTCPN

27) ‘WISE MAN’ is coded as ‘1324 658’. ‘WINTER’ is coded as ‘138749’ then ‘SAME WATER’ is coded as?
a) 2764 15849 b) 2764 c) 2563 15849
d) 2456 15749 e) 2564 15749

28) ‘MOTIVATION’ is coded as ‘NOUIWAUIPN’, then ‘STRONG’ is coded as?
a) ABCDEF b) TTRSMG c) SSTTMG
d) GMOSTT e) TTSOOG

Explanations

The letters in this code are obtained in increasing order from +1. Similarly, WISDOM is coded as follows.

2)b; The code for the given word is obtained by the quotient without decimal value, when the sum of the position numbers is divided by the number of letters in that word.

INDIA = 7.

3) c; Here the code is obtained by writing the reverse order of 1st and 2nd half of the word. So, the code for, FACEBOOK is ’ECAF KOOB’.

4) b; The king of flowers is the ‘lotus’. But ‘lotus’ is called ‘poppy’. So, ‘poppy’ is the king of flowers.

5) d; We know that, tortoise crawls. In the given code language, the animals’that crawl are called ‘flying’. So, ‘tortoise’ is called flying’.

6) a; Lady supreme of a kingdom is ‘queen’. But ‘queens’ are ‘aces’.

7) d; From the given data, tire code for OLEIC is 74853′.

8) d; From statement (1) and (2), ‘India’ is coded as ‘8’.
From statement (2) and (3), ‘culture’ is coded as ‘3’.
From statement (1) and (3), ‘love’ is coded as ‘6’.
Now, from statement (1), we can say, I is coded as 1 and from statement (3),
‘we’ is coded as ‘4’.
The codes for ‘we’ and I are 4 and 1.

9) b; From statement (1) and (2), ‘beautiful’ → ‘3’.
From statements (2) and (3), ‘pleasant’→ ‘5’.

10) c; From statement (1) and (2), ‘is’→ 6.
From statement (1) and (4), ‘beautiful’→ 6.
Then from statement (4), we can say, ‘flower’→ 8.
Hence, option-c is correct choice.

11) c; Each letter in the word is moved one step forward and then first and last letters are interchanged.

12) b; Each letter in the word is replaced by its opposite letter to obtain the code.

13) d; A pair of two letters are reversed in order.

14) c; Solve this kind of questions using the given options. The given code is obtained by moving each letter of the word WELCOME three steps backward.

15) b; The given code is obtained by moving the letters of the word ANSWER which are at odd positions by 4 steps forward and the letters at even positions by 3 steps backward.

16) b; From statement (B) and (C), ‘hot’→ ‘ka’.
From statement (C) and (F), ‘winter’→’ble’.
By substituting above results in statement (C), we get the code for ‘was’ i.e. ’paa’.

17) a; From statements (E) and (F), ‘drops’→’qle’
From statements (A) and (E), ‘rain’ → ‘tu’.
By substituting above results in statement (E), we get the code for the word ‘fall’ i.e. ‘sue’.

18) d; From statements (D) and (F), ‘clever’ → ‘tho’.
the code for the word ‘reads’ will be either ‘pic’ or ‘joo’,
but we can’t say which is exactly from both of these.

19) c; From statements (C) and (F), ‘winter’ → ‘ble’.
From statements (A) and (E), ‘rain’→ ‘tu’.
From statements (A) and (B), ‘is’ →’ne’.
So, ‘heavy’ is coded as ‘ ju ‘.
:. ‘winter heavy rain’ is coded as combination of ‘ble’, ’tu’, ‘ju’, which is in option-c.

20) a; From statements (A) and (B), ‘is’ → ‘ne’.
From statements (B) and (C), ‘hot’ → ‘ka’.
Substitute above results in statement (B), ‘summer’→’da’ From statements (D) and (F), ‘clever’→’tho’.
Thus, the code for ‘summer is clever’ is ‘da tho ne’, which appears in option-a.

21) a; From statements (A) and (C), ‘you’ → ‘4’
From statements (C) and (E), ‘can’ → ‘9’ & ’see’→’l’

22) b; The digit ‘0’ is in statement (D).
So, from statements (D) and (E), ‘is’ → ’8’
From statements (B) and (D), ‘they’ → ’5’
From statements (A) and (D), ‘intelligent’ →’2’ thus ‘how’ → ‘O’. Therefore, the decode of ‘0’ is ‘how’.

23) c; From statements (A), (B): ’27’→’very intelligent’.
From statements (B), (D): ’25’→ ‘they intelligent’ From the above two statements, ‘2’ → ‘Intelligent’.

24) a; From statements (B) and (D), ‘they ‘→ ‘5’.
From statements (C) and (E), ‘can → ‘9’.
From statements (A) and (Q, ‘you’ → ‘4’.
So, ‘see’→ 1. Thus, the code for ‘they can see’ is ‘915’.

25) c; From the statements (D), (E): ‘is’→ ‘8’.
From statements (B), (D): ‘they intelligent’ → ‘2 5’. So, ‘how’ → ‘O’.
From (A), (B): ‘very intelligent’ → ‘2 7’.
By comparing above two statements ‘intelligent’ → ‘2’. So, ‘very’ → 7
Thus, the code for ’how very is’→ ‘708’.

26) a; S(+l) → T, U(-1)→T, R(+l)→S,
V(-l)→ U, E (+1)→ F, Y (-1) → X.
The letters increases and decreases by 1 alternatively.

Similarly, W (+1) →X, I (-1) →H, S (+1) →T,
D (-1) →C, O (+1)→P, M(-l) →L
WISDOM is coded as ‘XHTCPL’.

27) e;

From the above codes of corresponding letters, the code for SAME WATER is as follows.

‘SAME WATER’ is coded as ‘2564 15749’

28)e; Here only alternative letters are increased by 1.
:. ‘STRONG’ is coded as ‘TTSOOG’.